LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


"^ 


GENERAL 


Digitized  by^Jne  Internet  Archive 

in  2007witli  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/bookstlieiruseaddOOtliayricli 


THE  CHANGE  OF  ATTITUDE  TOWARDS 
THE  BIBLE.  By  Joseph  Henry  Thayer, 
Professor  of  Criticism  and  Interpretation  of  the 
New  Testament  in  the  Divinity  School  of  Har- 
vard University.  8vo,  paper,  25  cents ;  cloth,  50 
cents. 

Professor  Thayer's  little  book  is  peculiarly  timely,  being 
full  of  suggestion  in  reference  to  matters  just  now  in  con- 
troversy, notably  in  the  Presbyterian  church.  Its  scholarly 
character  and  reverent  spirit  commend  it  to  all  thoughtful 
and  candid  minds.  —  The  Nation  (New  York). 

The  spirit  of  the  book  is  reverent,  its  scholarship  is  ex- 
pert, and  its  conclusions  are  not  easy  to  be  refuted.  —  The 
Congregationalist  {Boston). 

Professor  Thayer  presents  in  a  very  reverent  spirit  many 
truths  which  ministers  at  least  should  ponder.  —  Zion's 
Herald  {Boston). 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY, 

Boston  and  New  York. 


BOOKS  AND  THEIR  USE 


ain  %bt^m^ 


TO   WHICH   IS   APPENDED   A  LIST  OF   BOOKS    FOR 
STUDENTS   OF  THE   NEW   TESTAMENT 


BY 


JOSEPH    HENRY   THAYER,  D.  D.,  Litt.  D. 

BUSSEY   PROFESSOR   OF  NEW   TeStAMENT  .CRITICISM   AND  INTERPRETATION 
IN   HARVARD   UNIVERSITY 


BOSTON    AND    NEW   YORK 
HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN   AND   COMPANY 

1893 


.-^ 


A/ 


X 


/ 


Copyright,  1890  and  1893, 
Bt  JOSEPH  HENRY  THAYER. 


All  rights  reserved. 


GENERAL 


The  Riverside  Press,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 
Electrotyped  and  Printed  by  H.  O.  Houghton  &  Co. 


/ 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


The  following  address  on  "  Books  and  Their  Use,  from  a 
Professional  Point  of  View,"  was  given,  except  a  few  para- 
graphs omitted  for  want  of  time,  before  the  Harvard  Divin- 
ity School  at  the  opening  of  the  present  academic  year  in 
September.  The  purpose  for  which  it  was  prepared  will 
explain,  and  if  need  be  apologize  for,  its  colloquial  character 
and  the  occasional  freedom  of  its  comments. 

The  List  which  follows  it  is  a  small  selection  of  titles  from 
a  very  voluminous  literature.  It  has  been  drawn  up,  not  for 
the  professional  bibliographer,  but  to  meet  the  practical 
wants  of  the  average  theological  student.  This  aim  has 
affected  both  the  selection  and  its  proportions :  has  led  to  the 
mention  of  some  books  which,  though  not  of  the  highest 
excellence,  are  peculiarly  accessible  or  especially  serviceable; 
and  again,  has  caused  the  titles  to  be  multiplied  sometimes 
under  the  more  recondite  subjects  as  well  as  under  the  more 
important.  The  "Miscellaneous  Topics"  appended  are 
specimens  of  subjects  treated  by  my  students  in  private 
essays  or  at  social  evening  discussions. 

To  economize  space,  the  title  of  a  book,  having  been  once 
given  in  full,  is  generally  referred  to  afterwards  in  an  abbre- 
viated form,  the  full  title  being  ascertainable  by  turning  to 


101465 


6  PREFATORY   NOTE. 

the  page  (or  pages  in  the  case  of  more  than  one  book  by  the 
same  author)  designated  in  the  Index  by  a  full-faced  numeral. 
The  references  have  been  restricted,  for  the  most  part,  to 
books  or  other  separate  publications;  for  discussions  in  Re- 
views, the  student  must  consult  Poole  (see  p.  42)  and  the 
special  Indexes  to  the  several  periodicals. 

The  outside  dimensions  of  the  books  are  given  in  centime- 
tres ;  but  fractions  of  the  same  have  been  disregarded.  The 
prices  named  are  taken  mostly  from  the  publishers'  cata- 
logues; those  appended  to  many  of  the  older  foreign  books 
are  merely  approximate.  In  adjusting  foreign  coinage  to 
our  currency,  the  shilling  and  the  mark  (100  Pfennige)  may 
be  roughly  reckoned  at  twenty-five  cents,  and  the  franc  at 
twenty.  The  cost  of  importation,  however,  varies  with 
methods  and  dealers.  Several  of  the  foreign  firms  (the 
Messrs.  Macmillan,  Longman,  CasseU,  Bagster)  have  branch 
houses  or  special  agents  in  this  country. 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
October,  1892. 


BOOKS  AND  THEIR  USR 


Almost  every  one  interested  in  books  has  been  possessed 
at  some  time  with  the  desire  to  gather  for  himseM  a  library, 
—  a  comparatively  harmless  kind  of  possession.  It  affords 
diversion,  and,  like  the  promiscuous  collection  of  postage- 
stamps,  coins,  and  the  like,  may  bring  to  the  accumulator 
not  a  little  incidental  instruction.  But  the  engrossing  work 
of  life,  and  the  limited  resources  of  most  of  us,  generally 
hold  this  disease  well  in  check. 

To  be  distinguished  from  the  professional  collector's  greed, 
however,  is  the  legitimate  love  of  ownership.  This  is  whole- 
some. Occasionally  a  student  recoils  so  thoroughly  from 
the  sophomoric  ambition  to  own  a  large  library  as  to  pride 
himseK  on  getting  along  without  books,  doing  his  own  think- 
ing, as  he  calls  it ;  about  which  much  the  same  sort  of  fus- 
tian may  be  talked  as  about  self-made  men.  But  soon  there 
grows  up  in  a  healthy  mind  quite  a  different  feeling.  It  is 
not  the  book  merely,  but  my  edition,  my  copy,  of  it  which  I 
prize.  Part  of  my  intellectual  history  lies  buried  in  its 
pages.  The  very  sight  of  it  starts  anew  impulses  and  reflec- 
tions which  it  originated.  Stimulus  and  assurance  come  to 
my  wavering  soul  every  time  I  turn  its  leaves.  One  would 
part  with  his  copy  of  such  a  book  almost  as  reluctantly  as  he 
would  break  with  an  old  friend.  There  are  volumes,  more- 
over, about  which  no  tender  sentiments  gather,  but  which 
the  most  impecunious  student  would  blush  not  to  own,  — 


8  BOOKS   AND   THEIR  USE 

volumes,  in  the  treatment  of  which  he  can  indulge  his  prefer- 
ences ;  mark  and  annotate  at  will ;  humor  his  taste  or  help  his 
memory  by  his  own  index  of  their  contents,  record  of  criti- 
cisms which  approve  themselves  to  him,  and  references  to 
other  writers  who  have  treated  the  same  topics.  To  ask  a 
man  to  lend  such  a  book  is  like  asking  to  borrow  his  razor 
or  his  coat. 

The  ownership  of  a  book  is  often  salutary  morally,  —  by 
reminding  one  of  unfulfilled  purposes ;  of  fields  of  learning 
which  he  promised  himseK  to  explore,  but  has  never  made 
time  to  enter ;  of  scholarly  duties  he  neglects  to  perform.  I 
have  known  men  whose  dusty  Hebrew  Bible  was  thus  a  means 
of  grace  to  them;  and  others  in  whose  case  this  means  of 
grace  was  so  long  abused  that,  like  other  abused  privileges, 
it  resulted  in  judicial  hardening.  Good  books  owned  but 
imused  act  as  intellectual  goads ;  just  as  a  visit  to  our  univer- 
sity library  will  reduce  the  inflated  conceit  of  wisdom  to  a 
hopeful  condition  of  collapse. 

Just  what  books  are  to  be  included  in  the  private  library, 
as  it  may  with  strictest  propriety  be  called,  every  man 
must,  in  the  end,  decide  for  himself.  There  are  certain 
books,  to  be  sure,  about  which  there  can  be  no  question,  — 
books  which  are  tools,  —  the  Bible,  the  Dictionary,  the  Con- 
cordance, Shakespeare.  One  would  as  soon  expect  to  find  a 
carpenter  without  a  hammer  or  a  saw,  as  a  student  without 
such  necessary  implements  of  his  calling.  But  apart  from 
the  necessary  implements  of  the  craft,  books  may  be  said  to 
have  a  relative  as  well  as  an  intrinsic  worth.  Men's  topics 
and  methods  of  study  vary,  and  cannot  always  be  foreseen 
by  them,  still  less  by  others.  I  remember  once  advising  a 
student,  who  afterwards  went  as  a  missionary  to  Japan,  to 
buy,  among  other  books,  "The  Englishman's  Greek  Concor- 
dance," which  cost  at  that  time  —  before  the  publication  of 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POmT   OF  VIEW.  9 

Hudson's  —  some  seven  or  eight  dollars.  Not  long  after- 
wards I  received  from  him  an  emphatic  admonition  —  for 
the  benefit  of  other  confiding  inquirers  —  on  the  in  judicious- 
ness of  my  advice.  That  he  has  more  than  once  since  asked 
that  advice  may  possibly  indicate  some  change  of  judgment 
on  his  part,  or  at  any  rate  that  not  all  my  suggestions  seemed 
to  him  as  wide  of  the  mark  as  this  one.  But  it  is  undeniably 
true  that  a  book  eminently  serviceable  to  one  man,  another 
will  find  little  use  for.  Accordingly,  only  general  advice 
about  buying  can  be  safely  given.  It  would  be  interesting  to 
learn  how  many  identical  volumes  were  included  in  the  lists 
of  the  "one  hundred  best  books"  which  some  of  the  jour- 
nals, with  more  enterprise  than  discretion,  solicited  not  long 
ago  from  leading  literary  men. 

1.  Nevertheless,  with  due  allowance  for  personal  differ- 
ences, a  few  hints  may  be  ventured  upon.  For  instance,  it 
holds  true,  in  general,  that  the  books  out  of  which  other 
books  are  made  are  the  best  books  to  own,  viz.,  the  recognized 
authorities  on  the  main  professional  topics,  and  especially 
the  best  encyclopaedias  and  works  of  reference.  Both  these 
classes  of  books,  however,  illustrate  the  instability  of  all 
things  human,  —  the  best  authority  to-day  is  liable  to  be 
superseded  to-morrow ;  and  as  for  encyclopaedias  and  works 
of  reference,  they  have  so  multiplied  of  late  as  to  bid  fair  of 
themselves  well  nigh  to  exhaust  a  minister's  book  fund. 

The  advantages  of  a  good  encyclopaedia,  however,  are 
obvious :  it  is  a  small  library  in  itself,  —  a  library,  moreover, 
written  for  the  most  part  by  specialists ;  and  by  its  copious 
bibliographical  references  putting  one  on  the  track  of  the 
principal  works  relating  to  any  subject  which  he  may  wish  to 
study  more  in  detail.  But  even  some  of  the  best  of  them  are 
singularly  indifferent  in  certain  respects  to  a  student's  con- 
venience. Smith's  "Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  to  be  sure,  as 
reedited  in  this  country  by  Drs.  Hackett  and  Abbot,  with  its 


10  BOOKS  AND   THEIR   USE 

copious  added  literary  references  and  admirable  Biblical  in- 
dex, is  still  superior  to  any  other  help  of  the  sort  in  Christen- 
dom, —  although,  alas,  it  already  needs  supplementing.  The 
other  dictionaries,  too,  in  the  same  series,  viz.,  the  Smith 
and  Cheetham  "Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities,"  in  2 
volumes,  the  Smith  and  Wace  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Bio- 
graphy," in  4  volumes,  are  foundation  stones  in  a  library; 
although  a  half -indignant  surprise  is  felt  at  the  absence  of 
even  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  articles  they  contain,  the 
more  especially  when,  as  in  the  case  of  the  "  Dictionary  of 
Christian  Antiquities,"  the  contents  are  of  a  miscellaneous 
and  somewhat  capricious  choice.  Such  a  general  encyclo- 
paedia, also,  as  the  Britannica,  in  its  9th  edition,  is  of  great 
value  to  the  professional  student  by  reason  of  the  prominence 
it  gives  to  Biblical  topics,  though  here  again  he  is  surprised 
and  annoyed  that  old-world  traditionalism  has  adhered  to 
the  cumbersome  4to  form  of  the  volumes.  Passing  over  to 
the  Continent  we  meet  the  18  volumes  of  the  second  edition 
of  the  "Real-Encyclopadie,"  begim  by  Herzog,  unfortunately 
in  its  index  much  inferior  to  the  earlier  edition;  Kaulen's 
new  edition  (now  appearing)  of  "  Wetzer  und  Welte; "  Meu- 
sel's  "Kirchliches  Handlexicon"  (also  still  incomplete);  the 
"Handlexikon,"  in  3  volumes,  lately  published  by  Perthes; 
and,  to  pass  to  works  which  restrict  themselves  to  Biblical 
topics,  Schenkel's  " Bibel-Lexikon "  in  5  volumes;  Eiehm's 
"  Handworterbuch  des  Biblischen  Altertums,"  in  2  volumes, 
just  undergoing  revision;  the  "Biblisches  Handworterbuch," 
in  1  volume,  issued  by  the  Calw  publishing  society. 

In  spite  of  any  or  all  drawbacks,  such  books  are  to  be 
coveted ;  and  most  of  those  named  a  reaUy  economical  book- 
buyer  may  aspire  to  own. 

2.  But  let  me  follow  up  my  hint  by  a  few  more  specific 
suggestions  designed  to  aid  in  the  purchase  of  Commentaries 
and  other  works  treating  of  the  Bible. 


FROM  A   PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  11 

There  has  come  about,  indeed,  in  recent  years  a  marked 
abatement  of  scholarly  interest  in  the  detailed  study  of  Scrip- 
ture. Singularly  enough,  while  the  scrutiny  of  the  classical 
texts  is  growing  more  and  more  minute,  the  interest  of  the 
average  student  in  Biblical  details  is  sensibly  on  the  wane. 
Such  things,  it  is  said,  may  be  left  to  specialists.  The 
preacher's  concern  is  with  the  gospel  of  to-day.  Even 
religious  journals  occasionally  go  so  far  as  to  assert  that, 
since  the  appearance  of  our  Revised  English  Bible,  the  study 
of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  texts  is  for  the  ordinary  pastor  a 
waste  of  time.  This  change  in  the  estimate  of  Biblical  stud- 
ies is  due,  no  doubt,  in  part  to  the  doctrinal  readjustments 
going  on  in  the  theological  wc^ld,  and  especially  to  the  reac- 
tion against  unwarrantable  claims  respecting  the  nature  and 
methods  of  revelation.  But  we  need  not  enter  into  the  dis- 
cussion of  its  causes  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  that,  while  I 
believe  that  a  Christian  minister  cannot  be  ignorant  of  Bibli- 
cal criticism  and  philology  and  long  hold  the  respect  of  his 
people  as  an  educated  man,  I  am  also  sure  that  it  is  not  ne- 
cessary for  him  to  be  an  expert  in  either;  the  textual  critic 
and  philologist  is  neither  a  theologian  nor  a  pastor. 

I  will  not  tell  tales,  —  as  I  might  without  going  out  of 
school,  —  I  will  not  tell  tales  about  men  who,  under  the 
actual  work  of  the  ministry,  have  been  so  goaded  by  some 
over-curious  layman  or  Sunday-school  teacher  as  to  feel  com- 
pelled to  write  back  here  for  information  which,  while  mem- 
bers of  the  school,  they  might  have  had  without  the  asking. 
Sooner  or  later,  for  one  reason  or  another,  I  believe  you  will 
come  —  even  those  of  you  who  now  think  of  the  Bible  merely 
as  a  book  to  take  a  motto-text  from  —  to  desire  occasional 
help  in  getting  at  its  meaning. 

One  of  the  most  learned  men  we  have  had  in  Cambridge 
for  a  generation,  —  a  man  who  received  the  doctorate  in 
divinity  and  held  a  professorship  in  this  school,  although  he 


12  BOOKS  AJSTD   THEIR   USE 

was  a  layman  and  never  studied  in  any  theological  seminary, 

—  got  his  learning  by  concentrated  study  of  the  Bible.  He 
had  held,  indeed,  a  librarian's  post  in  two  of  the  amplest 
collections  of  books  in  this  vicinity,  and  had  an  expert's 
acquaintance  with  the  editions  of  the  leading  authors  in  many 
literatures;  but  his  learning^  those  solid  acquisitions  which 
led  men  even  to  take  long  journeys  to  consult  him,  was 
acquired  by  the  early  and  incessant  and  first-hand  study  of 
his  New  Testament,  and  the  prosecution  of  the  critical,  ar- 
chaeological, literary,  historical,  researches  which  that  study 
involved.  Not  every  Biblical  student,  to  be  sure,  has  the 
aptitude  or  the  opportunity  for  the  exceptional  attainments 
of  that  exceptional  man;  indeed,  the  needs  of  the  average 
pastor  prescribe  imperatively  other  lines  of  study  also.  Yet 
whatever  he  may  or  may  not  know,  he  must  know  his  Bible, 

—  its  contents,  its  history,  its  uses,  —  or  he  knows  nothing 
as  he  ought  to  know  it.  And  the  eminent  example  of  wide 
learning  to  which  I  have  ventured  to  refer  is  a  complete  refu- 
tation of  the  notion  that  concentrated  Biblical  study  will  have 
a  narrowing  effect.  The  man  of  one  book  becomes  of  neces- 
sity the  man  of  many  books  when  that  book  is  the  Bihlio- 
tJieca  Divina,  —  the  divine  library,  —  as  our  Bible  was  earli- 
est and  most  happily  called. 

But  to  my  suggestions :  — 

a.  Invest  but  sparingly  in  denominational  works.  The 
man  who  is  first  a  denominationalist  and  then  a  Christian  is 
a  pretty  poor  type  of  the  latter;  but  the  principle  holds  truer 
yet  of  books  and  scholarship.  A  man  under  the  promptings 
of  a  healthy  Christian  heart  may  be  much  better  than  his 
creed ;  but  a  printed  page  is  cold-blooded  and  unrelenting, 

—  never  becomes  for  the  moment  imdenominational  through 
seK-forgetfulness. 

I  would  not  say  that  no  scholarly  books  bear  the  imprint 
of  a  denominational  publishing  house.     Many  works,  espe- 


FROM   A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  13 

cially  in  antiquities  and  dogmatics,  would  disprove  the  asser- 
tion. But  a  denominational  commentary  is  another  thing. 
Every  Protestant  sect  professes  to  find  the  warrant  for  its 
peculiarities,  nay,  the  very  reason  for  its  existence,  in  the 
sacred  volume.  A  sectarian  commentary,  accordingly,  is  in 
so  far  discredited  on  its  very  face.  The  denominational  sub- 
sidy, indeed,  sometimes  insures  the  publication  of  books  which 
without  such  aid  might  never  see  the  light.  Broadus  on  Mat- 
thew is  an  example,  —  a  book,  the  denominationalism  of 
which  is  of  a  mild,  tolerant  type,  and  which  is  probably  the 
best  commentary  in  English  on  that  Gospel.  But  what  we 
want  in  a  commentary  is  help  in  understanding  the  sacred 
author.  The  commentator  must  make  it  his  single  aim  to 
give  us  the  writer's  thought, — nothing  more,  nothing  less, 
nothing  other.  Hence  it  sometimes  even  happens  that  a 
commentator  who  personally  repudiates  the  Biblical  writer's 
thought  may  aid  us  more  in  getting  at  it,  than  an  inter- 
preter who  feels  bound  to  make  it  square  with  his  private 
opinions.  Every  interpreter  has,  indeed,  his  conscious  or 
unconscious  bias, — the  "personal  equation;"  but  when  he 
superadds  to  that  the  avowed  advocacy  of  a  particular  set  of 
modern  opinions,  avoid  him. 

6.  Again.  Do  not  spend  much  money  on  the  so-called 
"popular"  works.  The  attention  given  of  late  to  concerted 
Biblical  study,  the  rivalry  of  "schemes"  and  "plans,"  to 
say  nothing  of  publishers,  has  led  to  the  multiplication  of 
superficial  works  in  the  form  of  so-called  "Helps."  Some 
of  these  deal  directly  with  the  text,  others  are  of  a  more  gen- 
eral character.  Such  books  as  Matthew  Arnold's  "Isaiah 
xl.-lxvi.,  with  the  Shorter  Prophecies  allied  to  it,"  Buch- 
anan Blake's  "How  to  read  the  Prophets,"  and  "How  to 
read  Isaiah,"  Farrar's  "Messages  of  the  Books,"  may  serve 
as  representatives  of  the  latter  class;  while  the  Cambridge 
Bible  for  Schools,  Ellicott's  "English  Commentary,"  Schaff's 


14  BOOKS   AND   THEIR   USE 

"Popular"  or  "International  Commentary,'*  are  creditable 
specimens  of  the  former. 

Now  I  do  not  mean  to  speak  slightingly  of  this  kind  of 
books.  Many  of  them  contain  good  work,  and  are  servicea- 
ble in  their  way  and  place.  General  works  like  those  named 
are  of  value  in  emphasizing  the  truth  that  the  Bible  is  not 
merely  one  book,  but  many ;  that  the  right  understanding  and 
use  of  it  requires  attention  to  the  chronological  sequence,  the 
historic  and  literary  relations,  of  its  several  parts.  Many  a 
young  person  may  get  new  interest  in  it,  and  learn  much, 
from  merely  such  a  selection  and  arrangement  of  its  contents 
as  is  given  by  Professors  Bartlett  and  Peters.  Books  of  the 
sort  are  especially  in  place  in  a  parish  library.  Specimens 
of  them,  as  well  as  of  their  companion  class,  the  so-called 
popular  commentary,  will  be  found  on  our  shelves.  But 
they  are  not  substantial  enough  to  constitute  the  bulk  of  a 
minister's  exegetical  library. 

Let  me  make  express  exception,  however,  in  favor  of  one 
class  of  books,  which  otherwise  may  perhaps  be  associated 
with  those  just  named:  I  mean  scholarly  translations.  A 
good  translation  is  an  epitome  of  many  commentaries,  the 
condensed  result  of  careful  exegetical  study.  Even  a  slight 
modification  of  the  old  language  will  often  light  up  obscuri- 
ties in  our  current  version.  Read  the  Minor  Prophets,  for 
example,  or  still  better,  the  Book  of  Job,  in  the  Revision. 
Several  of  the  scholarly  modern  translations  are  prized  pos- 
sessions in  many  a  clerical  library.  Take  Noyes's  New  Tes- 
tament, for  instance,  or  Darby's,  or  even  Davidson's,  in 
English,  and  Weizsacker's  in  German;  and  for  the  Old 
Testament  those  of  De  Wette,  Zunz,  or  the  new  work  now 
appearing  under  the  editorship  of  Kautzsch,  while  among 
French  translations  those  of  Arnaud,  Oltramare,  Stapfer, 
Reuss  may  be  named.  Any  minister  will  find  himself  repaid 
by  the  best  works  of  this  class.      They  are  serviceable  in 


FROM   A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF   VIEW.  16 

giving  a  vivid  bird's-eye  view  of  a  Biblical  book,  if  read 
through,  like  any  other  book,  at  a  sitting.  They  are  useful 
as  a  preliminary  to  study  and  in  summing  up  the  results  of 
study.  They  help  a  man  to  correct  that  loss  of  the  sense 
of  proportion  apt  to  result  from  prolonged  scrutiny  of  par- 
ticulars, and  which  often  discourages  a  beginner  and  prevents 
him  from  seeing  the  wood  for  the  trees. 

c.  Again.  Shun  encyclopaedic  commentaries.  The  value 
of  a  work  on  exegesis  is  not  measured  by  its  size.  It  is 
Lowell,  I  believe,  who  somewhere  advises  a  man  to  read 
everything  into  a  book  which  it  is  capable  of  holding,  —  a 
good  rule  in  the  case  of  poetry,  perhaps,  but  a  pestilent  prac- 
tice in  reference  to  Scripture.  He  is  a  poor  commentator 
who  brings  anything  into  his  book  which  is  not  connected 
with  the  text  naturally.  The  Bible  has  been  put  to  such 
varied  uses,  especially  under  Protestantism ;  has  become  the 
perennial  source  of  so  many  effusions,  doctrinal,  controver- 
sial, ethical,  devotional,  literary,  that  a  commentator  who 
does  not  possess  a  sharply  defined  and  scientific  conception 
of  his  province  is  in  danger  of  regarding  himself  as  holding 
a  roving  commission  over  the  whole  realm  of  religious  litera- 
ture. Just  as  sundry  mediaeval  interpreters  thought  them- 
selves the  more  meritorious  the  more  meanings  they  could 
find  in  every  passage,  and  accordingly  had  their  "  multiplex 
senses,  "  —  the  literal,  the  historical,  the  parabolical,  the  alle- 
gorical, the  aetiological,  and  Heaven  knows  what,  —  so,  even 
in  modern  times,  certain  works  have  been  produced  which 
bring  together  nearly  everything  which  anybody  has  associated 
with  Holy  Writ.  The  late  Professor  Lange,  to  be  sure,  the 
author  of  one  of  the  best-known  and  by  no  means  most  objec- 
tionable books  of  this  class,  does  not  call  it  a  commentary,  but 
a  "Bibelwerk."  You  remember  that  Robert  Hall,  on  hearing 
a  Welshman  exclaim,  "How  I  wish  Dr.  Gill  had  written  in 
Welsh!  "  responded,  "I  wish  he  had;  for  then  I  should  never 


16  BOOKS   AND   THEIR  USE 

have  read  him."  Such  a  wish  is  futile  in  the  case  of  Lange; 
his  work  has  been  reproduced  in  twenty -five  octavo  volumes, 
of  some  six  hundred  pages  each.  Although,  like  all  the  pro- 
ductions of  many  collaborators,  its  parts  ditf er  in  merit,  it  is 
as  a  whole  a  conspicuous  —  I  would  I  might  also  say  the  last  — 
specimen  of  misdirected  labor  in  the  name  of  exegesis.  A 
man  seeking  help  from  it,  on  a  specific  point,  must  often 
work  his  way  through  notes  "textual  and  grammatical,  " 
"exegetical  and  critical,"  "doctrinal  and  ethical,"  "  homileti- 
cal  and  practical,"  till  he  is  glad  to  put  the  volume  back 
upon  the  shelves,  and  escape  without  distraction  from  its 
"avalanches  of  impertinencies. "  Some  of  its  matter  (if  I 
may  continue  to  speak  of  it  as  a  representative  of  its  class) 
is  worse  than  useless,  —  positively  injurious.  I  refer  to  its 
aids  to  preachers  in  the  shape  of  plans  of  sermons.  That 
whole  section  of  the  work  impresses  me  always  as  a  kind  of 
homiletical  junk-shop.  A  second-hand  "skeleton"  is  one  of 
the  least  valuable  of  possessions  —  to  an  ordinary  man.  It 
is  in  defiance  of  nature  that  he  tries  to  make  it  his  o^vn.  Of 
course  I  do  not  mean  to  deny  all  interest  and  value  to  mate- 
rial of  this  sort.  It  is  instructive  to  a  student  of  homiletics 
as  showing  the  number  and  variety  of  topics  which  different 
minds  at  different  times  have  drawn  from  the  same  Scrip- 
tural passage.  The  wealth  of  thought,  too,  the  fertilizing 
power,  hidden  in  certain  choice  Biblical  sayings,  is  strikingly 
illustrated  by  the  very  carefully  selected  homiletic  matter 
given  in  the  commentary  by  Professor  Broadus  already  men- 
tioned. But  the  use  of  such  helps  in  sermon-writing  is  par- 
alyzing. The  perpetual  use  of  crutches  will  transform  a  well 
man  into  a  cripple. 

I  would  not  have  you  infer  that  no  commentary  is  worth 
buying  which  does  not  restrict  itself  to  the  bare  philological 
and  exegetical  demands  of  the  text.  This  is  notoriously  not 
the  case.     Some  of  the  most  valuable  and  standard  works 


FROM   A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  17 

—  Tholuck's  "Sermon  on  the  Mount,"  for  instance  —  are 
not  constructed  on  the  principle  of  utmost  self-restraint. 

So  certain  recent  commentaries  by  princely  expositors  — 
notably  those  on  some  of  the  Pauline  Epistles  by  the  late 
Bishop  Lightfoot,  those  on  the  Hebrews  and  the  writings  of 
St.  John  by  his  friend  and  successor,  Bishop  Westcott  — 
contain  extended  discussions,  in  the  form  of  "Excursuses" 
or  "Detached  Notes,"  of  topics  incidentally  started  by  the 
Biblical  author,  but  which  one  would  hardly  expect  to  find 
elaborately  discussed  in  a  commentary:  for  instance,  the 
dissertations  on  Essenism,  on  the  fictitious  correspondence 
between  St.  Paul  and  Seneca,  on  the  Celtic  origin  of  the 
Galatians,  in  the  volumes  by  Lightfoot;  or  those  on  the 
relations  between  Christianity  and  art,  on  pre-Christian 
sacrifices  and  priesthood,  etc.,  in  those  by  Westcott. 

The  "Bible  Commentary,"  too,  or  "Speaker's  Commen- 
tary," as  it  is  commonly  called,  in  its  disquisitions  on  Lep- 
rosy, the  Relations  between  the  Israelites  and  Egypt,  etc., 
gives  the  results  of  considerable  research  in  summary  form. 
There  is  much  matter  of  the  sort,  also,  in  the  two  volumes  of 
this  work  devoted  to  the  Apocryphal  books;  which,  indeed, 
with  Professor  Bissell's  earlier  work,  are  almost  the  only 
resource  of  the  student  in  English  relative  to  those  books. 
In  fact,  even  Lange,  as  reedited  in  this  country,  contains 
some  noteworthy  discussions  (like  that  by  Dr.  Schaff  on 
Eomans  v.  12-21),  which  it  would  be  ungrateful  to  seem 
to  slight.  Nor  will  it  do  to  depreciate  the  service  rendered 
by  those  commentators  who  trace  out  the  history  of  interpre- 
tation, as  Hupfeld,  for  example,  has  done  in  his  work  on  the 
Psalms ;  though  this  has  more  value,  of  course,  for  the  special 
inquirer  than  for  the  general  student.  Accordingly,  the 
imperfect  summaries  of  such  information  imbedded  by  Meyer 
in  his  exposition  have  been  wisely  reduced  to  footnotes  by 
his    present   editor,   Professor   Weiss.     I   merely  mean  to 


18  BOOKS   AND   THEIR   USE 

guard  you  against  the  fallacy  of  supposing  that  the  more 
inclusive  and  the  more  comprehensive  a  vs^ork  on  the  Bible 
is,  the  more  valuable.  A  work  is  appearing  at  present  (which, 
however,  I  have  not  examined)  that  claims  to  be  enriched 
with  the  spoils  of  three  thousand  publications,  and  for  the 
dissemination  of  which  a  special  firm  has  been  incorporated. 
It  boasts  that  it  "  is  not  merely  comprehensive,  but  .  .  .  all- 
inclusive."  That  it  abounds  in  edifying  reading  I  would  not 
question.  But  —  I  sincerely  hope  no  one  of  you  has  taken 
the  agency  of  it  for  Cambridge. 

It  is  a  kind  of  corollary  from  what  has  been  said  to  add 
that  there  are  few  works  on  the  entire  Bible,  or,  indeed, 
either  of  the  Testaments,  by  any  single  expositor,  which  are 
of  eminent  or  equal  merit  throughout.  Even  in  the  case  of 
expositors  of  rare  insight  like  Calvin  (whose  notes  on  the 
Psalms  Professor  Hupfeld  used  to  recommend  to  his  classes), 
an  enterprising  book-buyer  will  be  apt  to  content  himself 
with  the  ownership  of  that  work  and  the  commentary  on  the 
Eomans.  Bengal's  volume  of  seed  thoughts,  Reuss  on  the 
Old  Testament  and  the  New,  are  exceptions  which  prove  the 
rule.  In  modern  times  we  have  favorite  commentaries  on  the 
entire  New  Testament  by  De  Wette  and  Alford.  But  the 
latter,  notwithstanding  the  great  improvement  it  underwent 
in  its  successive  editions,  discloses  in  spots  the  diverse  merits 
of  the  several  German  commentators  of  which  its  notes  were 
often  a  free  reproduction;  while  De  Wette's  work,  in  the 
portion  devoted  to  the  Gospels,  is  so  stunted  by  the  waver- 
ing and  discrediting  critical  theories  current  when  it  was 
written,  that  his  compact,  strong  treatment  of  the  Epistles 
—  the  Eomans,  for  instance  —  seems  like  the  work  of  an- 
other man.  The  "  Hand-Book  "  which  goes  under  the  name 
of  Meyer  elicited,  even  during  his  lifetime,  the  cooperation 
of  three  collaborators  before  reaching  its  completion ;  and  its 
ever-improving  reproduction  has  enlisted  the  labor  of  eight 


FROM   A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  19 

additional  expositors.  Even  when  a  mere  summary  of  the 
best  exegetical  results  is  all  that  is  professedly  attempted,  — 
as,  for  example,  in  the  case  of  the  new  "  Hand-Commentar  " 
(4  volumes),  — such  workmen  as  Holtzmann  and  Lipsius, 
having  at  their  command  the  labors  of  a  lifetime,  associate 
two  younger  workmen  with  them. 

d.  But  another  class  of  works  on  the  Bible  which  it  is 
prudent  to  buy  with  reserve  consists  of  those  which  under- 
take to  rearrange  and  combine  the  Biblical  books  into  an 
organic  whole. 

Our  Bible,  as  has  been  intimated  already,  is,  in  both  its 
divisions,  a  miscellaneous  aggregation  of  writings  by  differ- 
ent authors,  put  together  without. much  regard  to  the  date  or 
the  circumstances  of  their  origin.  One  of  the  tasks  of  Bib- 
lical scholarship  is  to  transform  this  somewhat  promiscuous 
collection  of  materials  into  an  organism,  to  detect  the  mutual 
relations  of  the  several  parts  of  this  body  of  literature,  and 
the  law  of  growth  under  which  they  originated. 

In  the  case  of  the  New  Testament,  as  you  know,  Baur  was 
one  of  the  first  to  address  himseK  resolutely  to  this  task; 
and  his  attempted  solution  of  the  problem  constitutes  the 
theory  of  early  Christianity  which  bears  his  name.  That 
theory,  though  containing  important  elements  of  truth,  soon 
showed  itself  to  be  inadequate.  Even  his  pupils,  one  and 
another  of  them,  tried  their  hands  at  modifications  and  sub- 
stitutes. The  problem  still  waits  for  an  accepted  solution. 
Hence  books  which  propose  or,  as  is  far  oftener  the  ease, 
assume  solutions  are  to  be  built  into  a  private  library  with 
caution.  They  are  immensely  interesting,  for  they  treat 
matters  prominent  in  every  Biblical  student's  thoughts. 
Works  on  Biblical  theology,  as  they  are,  rather  than  on 
exegesis,  they  contain  (from  Neander's  "Planting  and  Train- 
ing," etc.,  down  to  the  most  recent  books  by  Weizsacker  and 
Pfleiderer)  much  that  is  suggestive  exegetically.     They  often 


20  BOOKS   AND   THEIB  USE 

put  old  texts  in  a  new  light.  But  they  are  better  to  read,  I 
think,  than  to  own.  The  very  fact  that  they  are  dominated 
by  a  theory  foredooms  them  in  all  probability  to  serious  re-ad- 
justment. They  take  up  into  themselves  altogether  too  much 
of  those  little  systems  that  have  their  day  and  cease  to  be. 
One  does  not  have  to  live  very  long  to  outlive  books  which 
in  their  time  were  thought  to  contain  the  last  word  on  these 
debated  Biblical  topics,  — the  "Zas^"  word,  but,  unfortu- 
nately, not  the  final  word.  One  danger  from  them  lies  in 
their  very  popularity,  which  is  due  to  the  natural  desire  to 
settle  long-standing  problems.  Caution  is  the  more  obliga- 
tory, because  those  who  look  to  you  for  instruction  are  al- 
ready exercised  about  these  matters,  and  asking  eager  ques- 
tions which  as  yet  cannot  be  positively  answered.  It  is  hard 
to  hold  uncertain  matters  in  suspense ;  but  it  is  only  doing 
harm,  and  making  work,  to  build  on  doubtful  speculations 
as  though  they  were  facts. 

That  I  am  not  over-cautious  here  appears  from  a  recent 
case  which  I  may,  therefore,  be  allowed  to  specify.  I  allude 
to  a  little  work  on  the  "  Origin  and  Relations  of  the  First 
Three  Gospels,"  by  Professor  J.  Estlin  Carpenter,  which  ap- 
peared early  in  1890,  and  has  already  gone  through  several 
editions,  I  believe,  in  its  native  country.  It  is  a  book  of 
great  attractiveness,  contains  some  original  work  and  new 
opinions.  Everybody  interested  in  the  topic  it  treats  should 
read  it.  But  strange  to  say,  it  is  issued  for  use  in  Sunday- 
schools  !  Now,  it  is  not  a  crime,  but  it  is  a  blunder,  to  give 
out  with  assurance  to  youthful  minds  views  which  have  yet 
to  run  the  gauntlet  of  criticism,  —  views  resting  on  the  quiet 
assumption  of  doubtful  matters,  the  positive  assertion  of 
matters  of  opinion  as  though  they  were  matters  of  fact,  the 
autocratic  exclusion  of  materials  which  fail  to  harmonize.  I 
am  characterizing  the  hoolc^  notice,  not  its  author,  —  who  is 
held  in  highest  esteem  by  those  who  know  him,  and  who  is 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF   VIEW.  21 

certainly  among  the  most  charming  of  living  English  writers 
on  Biblical  topics.  The  characteristics  of  this  book  cleave  of 
necessity  in  some  degree  to  every  other  of  the  sort,  in  the 
present  stage  of  Biblical  science. 

But  it  is  the  reactionary  effect  of  such  books  on  their  own- 
ers which  chiefly  concerns  us  now.  Anybody  who  has  had 
occasion  to  watch  the  changing  fashions  of  criticism  can  call 
to  mind  one  person  and  another  who,  in  the  first  jubilant 
exercise,  perhaps,  of  his  thinking  faculties  upon  inherited 
opinions  about  the  Bible,  caught  up  with  avidity  the  view 
that  happened  to  be  the  vogue  among  the  so-called  "ad- 
vanced "  critics,  and  still  clings  to  it.  You  meet  him  years 
afterwards  and  you  find  him  still  holding  that  the  Tiibingen 
"motley  's  the  only  wear."  He  reminds  you  of  one  of  those 
venerable  survivals  of  a  bygone  style  of  dress  sometimes  seen 
in  our  streets.  For  in  critical  theories  the  rhymester's  advice 
is  as  good  as  respecting  fashions  in  clothes :  — 

"  Be  not  the  first  by  whom  the  new  are  tried, 
Nor  yet  the  last  to  lay  the  old  aside." 

And  in  the  one  case,  as  in  the  other,  the  surest  way  to  escape 
the  ludicrousness  of  appearing  with  them  after  they  are 
antiquated  is  never  to  lay  in  a  large  stock  at  once. 

e.  But  once  more,  and  positively.  Buy  only  such  com- 
mentaries as  you  are  not  likely  soon  to  outgrow;  conse- 
quently, the  most  thorough  and  scholarly  extant.  Unfortu- 
nately the  majority  of  these  are  of  foreign  origin,  though 
many  have  been  reproduced  in  English.  The  punctilious 
thoroughness  of  the  better  works  of  this  class  is  apt  to  be  dis- 
couraging at  first  to  an  unprofessional  mind ;  the  microscopic 
minuteness  wearisome,  the  multiplicity  of  details  confusing, 
the  procession  of  interpretations  that  never  occurred  to  him 
distracting;  so  that,  on  the  first  trial,  he  may  lay  down  the 
book  uncertain  not  only  just  what  his  passage  means,  but 


22  BOOKS   AND  THEIR   USE 

even  whether  anybody  can  reach  a  reasonably  assured  opinion 
about  it.  But  let  him  not  be  impatient.  Such  a  book  is  a 
book  to  grow  to.  Its  very  richness  is  what  embarrasses  him. 
It  is  not  to  be  read  through  continuously  any  more  than  the 
dictionary.  Ordinarily  he  should  not  consult  it  till  the  need 
for  help  is  felt,  and  even  then  he  should  first  define  that  need 
to  himself  as  sharply  as  possible.  A  man  ought  to  read  his 
Greek  Testament  as  he  does  his  Shakespeare,  letting  it  speak 
for  itself.  If  doubtful  what  the  language  means,  let  him  try 
to  resolve  his  doubts  unaided.  But  when  he  is  in  perplexity, 
or  when  he  has  formed  a  provisional  opinion  and  wants  to 
test  it,  —  in  a  word,  when  he  has  a  distinct  desire  for  specific 
information,  he  wiU  seek  it  with  zest.  Knowing  what  he 
wants,  he  wiU  know  when  he  finds  it.  He  will  bless  the  toil- 
some critic  who,  in  patiently  weighing  every  construction  of 
which  the  passage  is  rationally  capable,  has  considered  Ms, 
though  it  be  to  him  as  yet  only  a  query.  The  comment,  it 
may  be,  will  reassure  him,  and  increase  his  confidence  in  his 
own  scholarship  and  insight.  May  be  it  will  humble  him, 
by  convicting  him  of  grave  thoughtlessness  or  oversight.  In 
either  event  it  wiU  end  by  exalting  him  as  a  student,  and 
exalting  itself  in  his  respect  and  attachment. 

It  is  not  superfluous  to  say,  that  a  thoroughly  satisfactory 
book  must  enable  its  user  to  get  at  what  it  contains  with  as 
little  outlay  of  time  and  patience  as  possible.  Some  recent 
commentaries  even  are  strangely  inconsiderate  in  this  respect. 
The  commentary  by  Holtzmann,  Lipsius,  and  the  rest,  al- 
ready mentioned,  is  an  instance.  The  large,  broad,  solidly 
printed  page  presents  a  typographical  sea  which  is  not  allur- 
ing to  plunge  into,  even  with  the  hope  of  bringing  up  a 
pearl.  The  preliminary  and  incidental  discussions,  again, 
are  printed  in  such  disproportionately  fine  type  that  the  eye 
does  not  readily  carry  from  the  end  of  one  line  to  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next,  and  by  artificial  light  soon  finds  itself  too 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  23 

weary  to  proceed.  Typographical  devices  for  the  easy  and 
rapid  use  of  books,  from  the  table  of  contents  to  the  index, 
our  German  friends  are  often  singularly  indifferent  to.  In 
the  long  run  you  will  find  yourself  avoiding  those  books  in 
your  library  which  are  difficult  to  use.  The  answer  to  an 
inquiry  you  will  instinctively  seek  where  it  can  be  found  most 
easily.  The  chief  way  in  which  students  can  help  to  secure 
a  reasonable  attention  to  their  needs  in  these  matters  is  by 
protest,  and  even  by  declining  to  buy  books  which  disregard 
them. 

I  have  been  speaking  about  owning  books,  and  in  general 
suggesting  reserve.  But  quite  the  opposite  advice  should  be 
given,  I  think,  respecting  acquaintance  with  books. 

Dr.  Johnson,  I  believe,  somewhere  castigates,  in  his  sturdy 
fashion,  persons  who  talk  familiarly  about  books  while  know- 
ing them  only  by  their  titles;  just  as  certain  plebeians,  in 
aristocratic  lands,  give  themselves  a  lofty  air  by  familiar  ref- 
erences in  their  talk  to  titled  personages. 

Now,  of  course,  pretense  is  despicable,  dishonest.  But 
even  as  respects  persons,  it  is  sometimes  convenient  to  know 
only  so  much  as  the  title ;  still  more  so,  as  respects  books. 
To  drop  Johnson's  simile,  in  the  case  of  books  a  superficial 
knowledge  is  often  of  no  small  value.  In  literature,  as  in 
life,  it  is  convenient  to  know  where  to  find  a  thing  when  you 
want  it.  And  some  of  that  knowledge  may  be  picked  up  by 
reading  the  backs  of  books.  The  arrangement  of  them  in 
our  reading-room  facilitates  this  very  thing.  A  selection 
of  some  of  the  best  books  in  each  of  the  main  branches  of 
theological  study  has  been  brought  together  there  (as  most 
of  you  know  already)  in  separate  alcoves ;  and  a  man  wiU  not 
waste  his  time  by  going  through  those  alcoves  and  looking  at 
the  books  one  by  one.  However  unacquainted  with  techni- 
cal topics  he  may  be  as  yet,  he  probably  will  not  have  read 


24  BOOKS   AND    THEIR   USE 

the  lettering  on  many  books  before  either  the  subject  of  one 
or  the  name  of  its  author,  will  move  him  to  take  it  down  anc 
inspect  it.  Perhaps  it  will  relate  to  something  about  whicl 
he  has  long  wanted  to  know  more.  Or  it  will  stir  hii 
friendly  interest  because  written  by  some  man  whose  writingi 
he  knows  and  likes.  Possibly  it  may  strike  his  attentioi 
because  it  treats  of  a  subject  he  has  never  heard  of  before 
but,  even  so,  it  makes  a  rudimentary  addition  to  his  profes 
sional  knowledge. 

I  linger  on  this  practice  of  mousing  among  books  becaus( 
I  am  sure  it  is  a  useful  way  of  spending  an  occasional  frag 
ment  of  time.  True,  it  is  pleasant  to  have  our  subjects  o: 
study  assigned  us,  and  a  list  of  the  best  books  treating  o: 
them  made  ready  to  our  hand.  But  that  is  not  the  onl^ 
method  of  study ;  in  fact,  is  not  the  ordinary  method  in  life 
There  we  are  often  called  on  to  write  upon  a  subject  we  d( 
not  know  much  about;  and  it  is  half  the  battle  to  kno\^ 
where  to  find  out.  Whether  our  lot  is  cast  in  the  neighbor 
hood  of  large  preserves  of  books  or  not,  —  perhaps  all  th( 
more  if  it  is  not,  —  it  is  much  to  know  how  to  hunt,  where 
the  game  is  likely  to  lurk,  and  how  to  run  it  down.  Wher 
you  have  paddled  through  the  quiet  little  pools  of  literature 
in  our  alcoves,  you  will  feel  tempted  to  navigate  the  pleasani 
coasts  of  our  stack-room,  from  which  the  more  adventurous 
explorer  can  push  on  to  the  university  library,  where  he  musi 
get  his  anchor  aboard  and  steer  by  the  stars. 

Let  me  add,  that  a  student  will  find  his  account,  I  think, 
in  keeping  himself  tolerably  informed  respecting  the  ne^ 
publications.  It  would  be  an  unwise  use  of  time,  indeed,  to 
read  one  in  a  hundred  of  them,  even  were  they  all  accessible. 
The  number  of  new  books  relating  to  theology  and  the  Scrip- 
tures published  during  1890  and  1891  is  said  to  exceed  a 
thousand  each  year  in  the  English  language  alone.  Never- 
theless, it  is  often  of  much  service  to  know  promptly  of  a 


FROM   A   PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  25 

book's  existence.  This  knowledge  can  be  gathered  pretty- 
well  from  the  published  lists  in  the  better  periodicals  and 
journals,  — such  as  the  "  Theologische  Literaturzeitung,"  the 
" Historisches  Jahrbuch,"  the  "Revue  de  I'Histoire  des  Reli- 
gions," the  "Critical  Review,"  the  "Thinker,"  the  quarterlies, 
and  even  current  newspapers  like  the  "Critic  "  and  the  "Na- 
tion." Whatever  stirs  curiosity  or  meets  his  personal  need, 
a  man  can  learn  more  about  from  such  publications  as  the 
"  Theologischer  Jahresbericht,"  edited  by  the  late  Professor 
Lipsius;  the  Gottingen  "Gelehrte  Anzeigen;"  Zbckler's 
"Handbuch  der  Theologischen  Wissenschaften,"  and  its  an- 
nual imitation  by  certain  Chicago  professors  under  the  title 
"Current  Discussions  in  Theology; "  or  any  one  of  the  lead- 
ing reviews  which  appends  a  responsible  name  to  its  book 
notices,  —  possibly  can  even  get  a  sight  of  at  one  of  the  larger 
libraries  or  bookstores. 

To  be  sure,  the  number  of  serial  publications  is  already- 
bewildering,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  see  whereto  it  will  grow. 
Devices  for  economizing  the  time  and  labor  of  ordinary  read- 
ers will  become  a  necessity,  —  a  necessity  already  getting 
recognition  by  the  establishment  of  journals  devoted  to 
resumes  of  special  departments  of  literature;  for  example, 
Church  History,  Philology,  etc.  Meantime  he  can  be  con- 
tent to  despatch  the  leading  reviews  in  such  lists  as  the  P. 
Q.  Index  of  our  townsman,  Mr.  Gr  is  wold,  and  for  the  lighter 
periodicals  to  consult  the  tabulation  of  them  given  month  by 
month  in  the  "Review  of  Reviews." 

Let  me  pass  on  and  say  a  word  or  two  about  the  Use  of 
Books :  — 

And  first,  in  the  way  of  research. 

A  student  without  much  experience  in  professional  study 
or  libraries  usually  feels  at  first  much  like  a  child  at  large  in 
a  confectioner's, — he  does  not  know  where  to  begin.     He 


26  BOOKS  AND   THEIR   USE 

can  take  a  lesson  from  the  child  in  such  case,  and  lay  hold 
of  that  which  lies  nearest,  in  the  hope  of  finding  something 
before  long  that  suits  him.  But  a  less  childish  method  is  to 
give  a  moment  first  to  mental  concentration.  A  library,  as  I 
have  already  intimated  in  another  connection,  is  like  a  dic- 
tionary. If  I  want  to  know  the  meaning  of  a  single  word, 
and  will  confine  my  attention  to  that,  I  am  not  much  em- 
barrassed by  the  fact  that  the  dictionary  contains  200,000 
other  words.  I  must  first  ask  myself  what  I  want  to  learn, 
and  not  allow  my  attention  to  be  diverted  from  that. 

Still,  here  are  a  hundred  books  on  the  subject.  I  cannot 
read  them  all;  how  shall  I  make  my  selection?  What  is  to 
save  me  from  falling  into  the  power  of  some  foolish  or  igno- 
rant or  partisan  writer,  and  being  put  off  with  views  which 
lack  the  approval  of  the  wise  ? 

a.  One  safeguard  lies  in  discovering  who  are  the  leading 
writers  on  your  topic.  As  you  run  your  eye  along  the  mar- 
gin of  one  book  after  another  on  the  subject,  you  will  be 
pretty  sure  to  see  certain  names  repeated  again  and  again. 
Writers  of  various  grades  and  opinions  will  agree  in  their 
recurring  references  to  these  names.  The  references  possibly 
may  nearly  all  be  for  the  purpose  of  stricture  and  refutation. 
Never  mind.  A  book  which  many  writers  think  worth  con- 
troverting is  pretty  sure  to  be  worth  reading.  These  refer- 
ences give  you  the  names,  in  all  probability,  of  the  principal 
authorities.  Drop  other  books  and  go  for  them.  They  may 
have  written  in  a  foreign  tongue,  and  at  a  time  when  authors 
were  wont  to  pursue  a  topic  through  hundreds  of  folio  pages, 
—  in  fact,  till  our  easy-going  moderns  get  wearied  out  and 
give  up  the  chase.  Nevertheless,  these  are  the  writers  to  cul- 
tivate, if  you  would  save  time  in  the  end  and  have  opinions 
which  shall  be  something  more  than  the  echo  of  echoes,  —  in 
a  word,  get  at  the  grounds  on  which  received  opinions  rest, 
and  learn  enough  about  the  subject  to  be  qualified  to  weigh 
them  for  yourselves. 


FROM   A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF   VIEW.  27 

b.  Another  safeguard  against  superficial  or  partial  views 
is  to  read  on  both  sides  of  a  subject,  — read  books  written  by 
men  of  opposite  antecedents  and  positions.  This  is  a  sugges- 
tion which  many  other  students  besides  young  and  eager  ones 
are  apt  to  disregard.  And  the  consequence  is  narrowness 
and  bigotry  and  dogmatic  positiveness  on  matters  about 
which  hesitancy  is  the  first  step  towards  wisdom.  It  is  not 
uncommon  for  a  man,  and  any  one  of  us  may  be  that  man,  to 
turn  away  from  some  author  with  the  thought,  "  Oh,  he  advo- 
cates the  traditional,  or  the  orthodox,  or  the  rationalistic 
view.  I  have  made  up  my  mind  in  the  main,  and  want 
some  able  writer  to  confirm  me  in  my  prepossessions." 
No.  We  do  not  state  the  case  to  ourselves  quite  so  nakedly 
as  that.  That,  nevertheless,  is  our  general  mental  attitude ; 
and  it  directs  our  search  and  forecasts  our  results.  For  the 
mind,  like  the  eye,  "  sees  what  it  brings  with  it  the  power  of 
seeing."  As  a  seeker  of  truth,  accordingly,  it  becomes  me  to 
remind  myself  of  the  maxim,  Audi  alteram  partem  ;  to  make 
sure  that,  whatever  authors  I  may  neglect,  I  do  not  neglect 
those  who  advocate  the  side  against  which  my  prepossessions 
lean. 

This  is  not  only  indispensable  to  a  rounded  view  of  a  sub- 
ject, but  brings  many  incidental  benefits  also.  It  is  capital 
mental  gymnastics  to  set  one's  self  to  framing  one's  own 
answer  to  historic  questions,  —  for  instance,  the  arguments 
for  or  against  miracles,  from  Hume's  down;  the  question 
whether  President  Edwards  does  or  does  not  hold  to  the  free- 
dom of  the  will ;  whether  there  is  or  is  not  validity  in  the 
argument  from  design  as  set  forth  by  Paley  or  Martineau. 
If  we  have  no  stomach  for  the  treatises  of  Athanasius  and 
Augustine,  Anselm  and  Aquinas,  Bull  and  Waterland  and 
Pearson,  on  such  subjects  as  the  trinity,  the  atonement,  and 
original  sin,  we  shall  at  least  get  profit  from  the  histories  of 
those  doctrines  by  Baur  and  Dorner  and  Miiller.     It  will 


ZO  BOOKS  AND   THEIB  USE 

open  our  eyes  to  the  fact  that  wisdom  was  not  born  when  we 
were;  that  some  thinking,  and  not  all  of  it  foolish  thinking, 
has  been  done  by  former  generations.  It  will  save  us  from 
making  statements  of  some  opinion  we  reject,  which  its  advo- 
cates would  deem  a  travesty  or  an  affront  to  every  sound 
understanding.  It  will  deliver  us  from  mistaking  for  author- 
itative formulas  of  doctrine,  the  language  of  newspaper 
controversialists  or  the  Moody  and  Sankey  hymn-books. 

c.  One  more  hint  helpful  to  a  bewildered  explorer  may  be 
found  in  the  advice  not  to  neglect  the  latest  books. 

Experience  teaches  us  again  and  again  that  what  is  new  is 
not  always  true,  nor  the  true  new.  Nevertheless,  the  world 
does  move,  —  the  world  both  of  theological  thought  and  of 
historical  research.  Historic  methods  in  particular  are  so 
recent  in  many  of  their  applications,  and  many  of  their  pres- 
ent results  are  of  so  provisional  and  tentative  a  character, 
that  revision  and  readjustment  must  go  on  probably  for  a 
long  time  to  come.  An  enterprising  and  truth-loving  stu- 
dent, therefore,  will  wish  to  learn  what  the  most  recent 
explorer  or  speculator  of  note  has  advanced.  Of  course,  he 
must  be  on  his  guard,  especially  if  impulsive,  against  the 
power  of  novelty,  which  seems  to  be  half  intoxicating  to  some 
minds.  He  will  have  to  remember  that  so  great  is  scholarly 
competition  in  some  countries,  notably  in  Germany,  that  a 
young  writer  has  little  chance  of  advancement,  or  even  of 
getting  a  hearing,  imless  he  broach  some  notion  never  heard 
of  before.  If  it  have  a  flavor  of  paradox,  so  much  the  bet- 
ter. The  reader,  consequently,  must  continually  heed  the 
old  Greek  caution  va<^€  koI  fxifivaa-'  aTria-Telv.  But  he  must  re- 
member, too,  that  there  are  perils  on  the  other  side.  The 
mind  loves  to  rest  in  conclusions  once  formed,  even  if  at  first 
they  were  acknowledged  to  be  provisional  or  hypothetical. 
This  tendency  is  reinforced  in  the  case  of  the  preacher  or 
the  teacher  by  repetition.     They  thus  get  a  quite  factitious 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL  POINT   OF  VIEW.  29 

validity.  Here  is  one  of  the  dangers  of  "professionalism" 
for  us.  Hence  it  comes  to  pass  that  many  ministers'  views 
date  them.  You  can  tell  when  they  studied,  even  where,  by 
hearing  them  talk  on  almost  any  professional  topic.  They 
become  landmarks.  You  always  know  where  to  find  them ; 
for  they  are  stranded.  To  escape  this  professional  peril  it  is 
necessary  to  cultivate  a  forward-looking  mind.  A  new  book 
shows  us  that  somebody,  namely,  the  author,  and  probably  a 
cold-blooded  publisher  with  his  official  advisers  besides, 
thinks  he  has  something  fresh  to  say.  If  the  subject  is  one 
that  concerns  us,  particularly  one  we  are  investigating,  we 
must  lend  him  our  ear.  His  book  may  help  us  even  if  it 
disgusts  us :  a  drunken  Helot  was  educative  to  the  youthful 
Spartan. 

Having  spoken  of  the  ownership  of  books,  especially  com- 
mentaries, and  the  use  of  books,  I  may  perhaps  be  asked 
WHAT  books  are  to  be  read? 

You  will  hardly  expect  me  to  specify,  any  more  than  to 
attempt  to  tell  you  what  you  ought  to  eat.  And  probably, 
if  any  of  you  ever  prescribed  for  yourselves  an  intellectual 
bill  of  fare,  it  was  departed  from  within  a  month.  There 
are,  indeed,  certain  standard  authors,  as  there  are  certain 
staple  articles  of  food ;  and  everybody  knows  what  they  are 
in  both  cases.  But  how  much  of  them,  even,  shall  be  taken, 
and  when,  are  questions  which  every  one  who  has  reached 
years  of  discretion  must  be  left  to  decide  for  himself.  We 
should  be  surprised,  to  be  sure,  if  a  student  of  economics  had 
never  read  Smith's  "Wealth  of  Nations;  "  if  a  student  of 
philosophy  were  unacquainted  with  Bacon  and  Locke ;  if  a 
student  of  Roman  history  had  never  handled  Niebuhr  and 
Gibbon ;  if  one  devoted  to  literature  were  ignorant  of  Homer 
and  Dante  and  Shakespeare.  So  there  are  names  in  the  do- 
main of  theology  that  have  become  household  words.     They 


30  BOOKS  AND  THEIR   USE 

represent  not  necessarily  either  results  or  methods  valid  for 
all  time;  but  they  are  epoch-making,  as  our  German  friends 
say.  They  hold  a  permanent  place  in  the  history  of  theo- 
logical thought,  or  of  the  religious  life.  Butler  and  Ed- 
wards, Baxter  and  Bunyan,  Owen  and  Howe,  South  and 
Barrow  and  Jeremy  Taylor,  —  but  I  need  not  attempt  to 
catalogue  them.  An  educated  divine  who  had  no  acquaint- 
ance with  any  of  these  books  would  be  as  exceptional  a 
character  as  a  literary  man  who  had  never  read  a  page  of 
Wordsworth  or  Walter  Scott. 

Yet  it  ought  to  be  said  explicitly,  and  with  some  em- 
phasis, that  it  is  no  disgrace  to  a  man  not  to  have  read 
very  famous  books.  Art  is  long.  Life  is  exacting.  Du- 
ties and  opportunities  vary.  Peculiarities  of  circumstance 
and  even  of  taste  have  claims.  Hence,  the  feeling  of  humil- 
iation with  which  we  sometimes  confess  to  our  associates  that 
certain  of  their  highly  prized  books  are  to  us  names  and 
nothing  more,  has  not  always  a  sufficient  reason.  There 
may  be  in  it,  indeed,  something  of  the  bitterness  which  comes 
from  broken  resolutious  and  unfulfilled  purposes.  In  so  far, 
it  may  serve  as  a  wholesome  vis  a  tergo.  He  is  an  excep- 
tional man  whose  books  do  not  look  down  reproaches  upon 
him  from  his  library  shelves.  That  helps  to  make  his  study 
a  veritable  sanctum^  —  a  place  for  renewal  of  vows  as  well  as 
of  work.  But,  alas  for  us,  if  our  shortcomings,  be  they  ever 
so  real,  tempt  us  to  disingenuousness.  A  few  months  ago, 
one  of  the  weekly  newspapers  ("Harper's  Weekly  "  for  April 
23,  page  304)  printed  a  letter  of  Lowell's  (written  nearly 
forty  years  ago)  in  reply  to  a  request  for  advice  as  to  a  course 
of  reading,  in  which  he  says :  "  There  is  hardly  any  branch 
of  knowledge  in  which  I  have  not  read  something,  and  I  have 
read  a  great  many  out-of-the-way  books,  yet  there  are  many 
which  almost  every  one  reads  which  I  have  never  even  opened. 
For  example,  I  have  read  books  on  magic  and  astrology ,^  and 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  31 

yet  never  looked  into  a  history  of  England.  .  .  .  So,  too,  I 
know  more  of  the  history  of  ancient  Rome  than  I  do  of  that 
of  America."  And  he  continues,  in  words  not  altogether 
irrelevant  on  the  present  occasion:  "Having  now  proved 
myseK  to  be  wholly  incompetent  to  give  any  advice  (as  is 
usually,  though  more  unconsciously,  the  case  with  advisers), 
I  proceed  to  give  it." 

But,  difficult  as  it  may  be  to  tell  just  what  books  one  ought 
to  read,  it  is  easy  to  specify  some  of  the  aims  which  ought  to 
direct  his  reading.  For  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  a 
man  ought  always  to  have  an  object  in  reading.  Even  re- 
laxation and  entertainment  are  an  object,  and  a  legitimate 
one ;  so  they  be  not  sought  immoderately  or  in  unwholesome 
ways. 

a.  One  leading  object  with  a  preacher  in  his  reading  is 
intellectual  stimulus.  He  comes  to  the  act  of  composition, 
we  will  suppose,  in  a  chilled  or  sterile  mood ;  has  something 
to  say,  perhaps,  but  cannot  make  a  beginning;  to  will  is 
present  with  him,  but  how  to  perform  he  finds  not.  The 
very  gravity  of  his  theme  burdens  his  spirit,  and  haK  para- 
lyzes the  power  of  expression.  From  this  condition  he  can 
often  get  relief  by  betaking  himself  to  one  of  the  masterpieces 
of  serious  literature,  —  a  passage  from  Milton,  or,  still  bet- 
ter, from  Burke.  By  the  loud  reading  of  some  choice  pas- 
sage, he  will  catch  the  contagion  of  lucid  language  and  mental 
movement;  and  shortly  come  with  self-forgetfulness  and  zest 
to  his  task.  Fifteen  minutes  of  loud  reading  of  this  sort  will 
become  to  him  as  helpful  a  preliminary  to  taking  up  his  pen 
as  brandy  and  water  was  to  Byron.  It  is  the  warming  up 
which  prepares  his  powers  to  do  their  best  in  the  race.  Cer- 
tainly it  is  a  pleasant  substitute  for  the  heroic  self-sacrifice 
prescribed  in  my  day  by  the  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the  col- 
lege, who  told  us  always  to  throw  away  the  first  two  or  three 


32  BOOKS   AND   THEIB  USE 

pages  we  wrote,  on  the  ground  that  our  mind  had  not  yet  got 
a-going. 

But  loud  reading  before  writing  must  not  be  theological, 
at  any  rate,  not  sermons.  For  it  is  surprising  how  the  mind 
will  subsidize  at  such  times  the  thoughts  of  others  to  its 
own  uses.  And  a  man  about  to  write  a  sermon  ought  not  to 
come  under  the  power  of  another  sermonizer.  He  will  do  his 
best  work  in  his  own  way.  Positively  poisonous  is  another 
preacher's  sermon  on  the  same  text  or  subject;  the  more  per- 
nicious the  greater  the  sermon.  After  you  have  done  what 
you  can,  it  may  be  helpful — it  is  sure  to  be  humbling  — 
to  see  what  some  master  of  assemblies  has  done  with  the  same 
theme ;  but  never  beforehand.  This  use  of  loud  reading  will 
bring  a  man  little  by  little  into  acquaintance  with  a  consider- 
able range  of  English  classics.  That  the  style  of  many  of 
them  is  quite  too  elevated  for  ordinary  pulpit  address  is  no 
drawback ;  on  the  contrary,  he  is  the  less  likely  to  get  inci- 
dental harm  from  them  through  unconscious  imitation. 

h.  Another  obvious  purpose  which  should  shape  a  minis- 
ter's reading  is  to  get  knowledge  of  life.  Of  preeminent 
value  here  is  biography ;  not  merely  the  standard  lives  (like 
Boswell's  Johnson,  and  Lockhart's  Scott),  which  hold  their 
conspicuous  place  in  the  golden  catalogue  of  English  literary 
worthies,  but  biographies  of  men  who  have  moved  in  secular 
life,  —  successful  merchants,  statesmen,  travelers,  inventors, 
generals.  He  may  get  familiarity  in  this  way  with  the  ruling 
motives  and  methods  of  men  of  influence,  and  some  know- 
ledge of  the  forces  which  shape  society. 

In  the  lives  of  successful  preachers  and  pastors,  again,  he 
has  a  fair  substitute,  in  however  isolated  a  parish,  for  one  of 
the  most  precious  privileges,  to  wit,  intimate  association  with 
men  who  have  accomplished  great  things;  fellowship  with 
noble  minds  of  kindred  tastes  and  occupations.  That  he 
can  renew  and  prolong  his  interviews  at  will  is  some  com- 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT   OF  VIEW.  33 

pensation  for  the  silence  of  his  counselor,  who  often,  never- 
theless, divulges  to  the  inquisitive  reader  more  than  might  at 
first  be  supposed.  In  this  way  a  preacher  may  not  only  get 
edifying  and  congenial  companionship  and  some  of  that  know- 
ledge of  men  and  things  from  which  it  is  the  stock  complaint 
that  his  bookish  profession  shuts  him  out,  but  may  acquire, 
further,  a  trustworthy  acquaintance  with  the  opinions  and 
practices  prevalent  in  other  Christian  commimions  which  is 
worth  whole  libraries  of  partisan  discussions  of  their  truths 
and  errors.  To  crown  all,  he  will  before  long  have  ready  to 
his  hand  a  body  of  illustrative  material  incomparably  more 
serviceable  than  the  cyclopaedias  of  apocryphal  newspaper 
anecdotes  which  the  book  agents  urge  upon  him. 

c.  Again,  a  minister  should  set  before  him  another  dis- 
tinct object  in  choosing  his  reading:  religious  culture,  in- 
dispensable both  professionally  and  personally. 

How  many  ministers,  for  instance,  can  read  a  hymn  well? 
One  grows  half  contented  with  the  modern  practice  of  omit- 
ting the  public  reading  of  hymns  altogether,  though  for  some 
of  us  the  impressions  received  from  the  reading  of  certain 
hymns  by  voices  now  silent  are  among  the  most  sacred  con- 
nected with  public  worship.  How  many  ministers  can  tell 
a  good  hymn  when  they  see  it?  Hymnology  is  a  distinct 
branch  of  poetry,  with  canons  of  its  own,  and  the  right 
understanding  and  effective  use  of  the  treasures  of  sacred 
song  are  worthy,  not  to  say  obligatory,  matters  of  thought 
and  study.  The  same  holds  true  in  good  degree  of  the  litur- 
gies of  the  church  also.  Our  old-fashioned  Puritan  form  of 
public  worship  seems  to  some  people  nowadays  to  be  arid  and 
inadequate.  How  far  is  this  judgment  right?  And  how 
shall  the  deficiency,  if  it  exist,  be  supplied  ?  Such  questions 
open  a  considerable  region  of  professional  interest  worthy  of 
special  thought  and  research.  Admonitory  at  this  point  are 
the  crude  attempts  at  liturgical  forms  framed  from  time  to 


34  BOOKS  AND  TKEIB  USE 

time  by  inexperienced  hands.  The  collection  of  hymns  and 
prayers  accessible  to  you  here,  the  ripe  fruitage  of  genera- 
tions of  worshipers  of  many  lands  in  many  tongues,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  especially  rich  and  edifying.  It  may  well  be 
made  a  special  subject  of  exploration  and  study. 

But,  after  all,  it  is  in  their  personal  relations  to  the  minis- 
ter that  the  prayers  and  songs  of  the  holy  brotherhood  of  con- 
secrated souls  have  their  chief  value.  The  demands  which  the 
conduct  of  public  worship  puts  upon  him  are  among  the  most 
onerous  of  his  professional  life.  The  summons  to  give  ex- 
pression to  the  needs  of  those  who  look  to  him  as  their  reli- 
gious helper  and  guide  is  sometimes  almost  appalling.  The 
deficiency  in  professional  qualification  at  this  point  is  some- 
thing of  which,  alas,  the  unfortunate  minister  is  not  always 
the  only  one  who  is  aware.  It  is  a  fearful  comment  when 
some  mother  in  Israel  in  her  hour  of  need  declines  —  and, 
sad  to  say,  such  a  case  has  been  known  —  declines  as  unedi- 
fying  her  pastor's  prayers.  The  devotional  mood,  the  power 
of  fit  and  sympathetic  devotional  utterance  are,  for  most  of 
us  at  least,  acquisitions,  —  the  ripe  fruits  of  assiduous  reli- 
gious self -culture.  And,  incredible  as  it  may  now  seem  to 
some  of  you  just  giving  yourselves  to  sacred  studies  in  the 
ardor  of  fresh  consecration,  the  neglect  of  such  culture  is 
a  peril  to  which  life  in  a  divinity  school  brings  some  special 
exposure.  It  is  there  that  the  habits  are  formed  which  may 
issue  in  hollow  professionalism  in  after  life.  Full  alike  of 
profound  philosophic  truth  and  of  ominous  personal  sugges- 
tion is  the  surprise  which  exclaimed,  "Lord,  Lord,  have  we 
not  prophesied  in  thy  name  ?  and  in  thy  name  have  cast  out 
demons?  and  in  thy  name  done  many  wonderful  works?" 

The  passing  remark  may  be  made,  that  many  students 
during  their  theological  course  read  too  much.  They  do  not 
give  themselves  time  enough  to  think.  They  are  coming  for 
the  first  time  to  the  study  of  the  profoundest  subjects,  —  sub- 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POIXT   OP  VIEW.  35 

jects  relative  to  which  they  are  aware  that  whatever  opinions 
they  may  seem  to  themselves  to  have  are  little  more  than  an 
inheritance,  or  an  assumption,  or  it  may  be  even  a  personal 
whim.  It  is  natural  that  they  should  desire  to  accumulate 
as  large  a  store  of  wisdom  as  possible,  before  assuming  the 
function  of  public  teacher.     But  —  let  me  repeat  the  truism 

—  art  is  long.  All  the  learning  of  the  Christian  centuries, 
and  the  solution  of  the  problems  of  life  and  destiny,  cannot 
be  mastered  in  three  years,  or  even  four.  And  it  wiU  avert 
discouragement,  as  well  as  foster  calmness  and  mental  equi- 
poise, distinctly  to  recognize  this  at  the  outset.  On  the  other 
hand,  an  intelligent  mind  is  in  some  respects  in  better  condi- 
tion to  gauge  aright  the  problems  of  theology,  and  reach  un- 
prejudiced judgments  respecting  them,  before  reading  than 
after.  It  is  an  eminently  profitable  practice  for  a  man  — 
after  hearing  a  lecture,  for  example  —  to  write  out  freely  his 
own  first-hand  thoughts  on  the  subject  and  the  lecturer's 
treatment  of  it.  It  will  teach  him  to  think,  —  to  know  alike 
his  powers  and  his  limitations.  It  will  give  him  a  clear  per- 
ception of  just  where  the  difficulties  of  the  topic  for  his  mind 
lie ;  and  so  will  enable  him,  while  reading  less,  to  read  more 
profitably. 

Let  me  add  to  these  miscellaneous  remarks  a  word  or 
two  respecting  devices  for  storing  away  the  results  of  read- 
ing- 

a.  Many  persons  seem  not  to  know  what  fly-leaves  are 
bound  into  a  book  for.  Publishers,  alas,  understand  the 
matter  only  too  weU  when  they  swell  the  bulk  and  cost  of 
the  volume  for  their  own  ends.  But  the  ordinary  reader  is 
wont  to  leave  the  blank  pages  at  the  beginning  and  end  of 
his  volumes  vacuous,  when  they  might  be  serviceably  used : 

—  those  at  the  beginning,  to  record  references  to  noteworthy 
reviews  of  the  book  in  hand  or  summary  estimates  of  it  by 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


36  BOOKS   AND   THEIR  USE 

experts ;  those  at  the  end  to  receive  references  to  topics  or 
utterances  in  it  which  have  for  the  owner  special  interest. 

h.  Every  student  will  find  it  worth  while,  I  think,  to  start 
a  card  catalogue  in  which,  arranged  alphabetically,  he  can 
preserve  references  to  subjects,  authors,  and  the  like,  which 
meet  his  tastes  and  needs. 

c.  And  once  more.  He  wiU  find  it  useful  to  make  some 
similar  provision  for  the  preservation  of  current  discussions 
of  current  topics.  The  better  journals,  day  by  day,  contain 
not  a  little  which  concerns  or  ought  to  concern  the  minister 
and  his  work,  yet  for  which  at  the  moment  he  has  perhaps 
neither  time  nor  thought.  I  have  in  mind  religious  statistics; 
such  problems  of  applied  ethics  as  usage  has  made  appro- 
priate for  Fast-Day  sermons ;  questions  relating  to  what  may 
be  called  administrative  religion,  about  which  experts  differ; 
such  topics  as  it  is  eminently  proper  we  should  try  to  thrash 
out  in  our  wide-awake  fortnightly  debate.  The  latest  facts 
and  opinions  on  such  themes  have  not  yet  found  their  way 
into  books.  They  must  be  gathered  from  fugitive  publica- 
tions, even  the  daily  or  weekly  newspaper. 

That  they  will  be  at  hand  when  they  are  wanted  can  be 
insured  by  cutting  them  out  at  once,  clapping  them  into  long 
envelopes  labeled  across  one  end  with  the  topic  they  contain, 
and  then  set  up  endwise  in  alphabetical  order  in  a  lawyer's 
document  case.  Such  a  collection  will  fill  the  uses  of  a  scrap- 
book  without  demanding  half  its  space  or  trouble. 

In  the  heart  of  London  is  a  circular  room,  covered  by  a 
dome  106  feet  high  and  140  in  diameter,  —  falling  only 
three  feet  short  of  the  greatest  in  the  world,  that  of  the 
Pantheon  at  Rome.  The  walls  of  this  room  are  lined  with 
book-shelves  containing  more  than  60,000  volumes,  chiefly 
works  of  reference,  and  in  the  centre  is  a  raised  circular 
inclosure  for   the   director   and  attendants.     Likening  this 


FROM  A  PROFESSIONAL   POINT  OF  VIEW.  37 

central  inclosure  to  the  hub  of  a  wheel,  its  spokes  represent 
long  tables,  each  marked  off  into  spaces  some  four  feet  long 
by  two  wide,  for  the  accommodation  of  separate  readers, 
while  down  the  middle  of  each  runs  a  kind  of  parapet,  screen- 
ing every  reader  from  his  neighbor  on  the  opposite  side  and 
furnishing  him  with  a  desk  and  folding  shelf  if  desired. 
Pens,  ink,  and  a  mahogany  armchair  are  provided  for  every 
reader  gratuitously ;  and  he  not  only  has  free  access  to  the 
reference  books  mentioned,  and  may  use  them  as  though  they 
were  his  own,  but  by  means  of  slips,  can  call  for  any  work 
he  finds  entered  in  the  series  of  folio  volumes  which,  in  two 
concentric  rows,  surround  the  above-described  central  in- 
closure and  make  up  the  famous  catalogue  of  the  British 
Museum ;  for  it  is  its  reading-room,  as  you  will  have  already 
discovered,  that  I  am  describing. 

Any  and  every  duly  accredited  adult  of  either  sex  has 
gratuitous  access  to  it,  appropriating  any  unoccupied  place 
at  a  table,  and  frequenting  it  day  after  day  from  nine  in  the 
morning  till  seven  at  night  at  will.  The  attendants  are  bid- 
den to  "afford  all  the  assistance  in  their  power  to  readers  in 
their  pursuits;"  and  most  generously  do  they  fulfill  their 
office.  The  number  of  readers  resorting  to  it  daily  averages 
between  six  and  seven  himdred ;  and  I  was  not  surprised,  on 
visiting  it  this  summer,  to  find,  without  search,  four  Harvard 
men  among  them;  for  students  journey  to  it  from  many 
lands. 

Is  not  the  time  drawing  near  when  we  can  have  something 
like  this  in  America?  We  have  as  yet,  to  be  sure,  no  such 
magnificent  collections  as  those  of  the  British  Museum,  em- 
bracing many  treasures  quite  unique;  but  the  "Notes  on 
Special  Collections  in  American  Libraries,"  recently  issued 
by  our  university,  will  show  you  that  the  country  is  not  quite 
so  poor  in  treasures  of  the  sort  as  might  be  supposed.  Nay, 
reckoning  Cambridge  and  Boston  as  one,  as  we  fairly  may 


38  BOOKS  AITD  THEIB  USE. 

for  this  purpose,  we  have  in  our  own  neighborhood  an  accu- 
mulation probably  of  more  than  a  million  of  volumes,  after 
throwing  off  the  fugitive  literature  of  circulating  libraries. 
By  a  wise  system  of  cooperation,  and  with  care  to  avoid 
duplicating  expensive  purchases,  this  collection  might  soon 
become  attractive  to  distant  scholars,  were  any  such  liberal 
provision  made  for  them  as  that  I  have  described. 

But  why  speak  of  this  to  you?  you  may  ask.  Because,  as 
members  of  that  profession  which,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  book-dealers,  makes  larger  purchases  of  general  lit- 
erature than  any  other,  and  which,  by  its  official  relations, 
gets  special  opportunities  for  directing  the  beneficence  of 
those  whom  Providence  has  blessed  with  wealth,  some  one  of 
you  may,  perchance,  one  day  have  power  to  hasten  the  time 
when  similar  literary  treasures  shall  be  gathered  in  our  land, 
and  access  given  to  them  with  the  like  princely  generosity. 

At  any  rate,  let  me  bespeak  your  perpetual  interest  in 
books,  —  their  constant  improvement,  their  wise  accumula- 
tion, their  scholarly  use. 


LIST  OF  BOOKS 


FOK 


STUDENTS  OF  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT, 


CONTEJSTTS. 


PA6B 

The  Bibliography  of  Theology 43 

Biblical  Philology 45 

The  Septuagint :  — 

Editions 45 

Character  and  History 45 

Lexicons -v^. 45 

Concordances T 46 

The  Old  Testament  Apocrypha:  — 

Editions  and  Commentaries ' 46 

Lexicon 46 

Concordances 47 

The  New  Testament:  — 

Its  Language 47 

Editions 47 

Harmonies 48 

Lexicons 48 

New  Testament  Synonyms 49 

New  Testament  Grammars 49 

Concordances  to  the  Greek  Testament 49 

Biblical  Archaeology:  — 

General  Manuals 50 

Bible  Dictionaries  and  Cj-^clopaedias 50 

Biblical  Geography 51 

Maps 52 

Atlases 53 

Biblical  Natural  History 53 

Biblical  Ethnography  (Manners  and  Customs) 54 

Biblical  Legislation 54 

Jewish  Worship 54 

Jewish  Philosophy  (Parties,  etc.) 54 

Jewish  Literature,  Science,  Art • 55 

Biblical  (i.  e.  New  Testament)  Chronology .    t    •  55 


42  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

New  TESTAMiajT  "Introductions"  , 55 

Origin  of  the  New  Testament  Writings 5g 

Discussions  of  the  Evidence,  etc 57 

Collection  of  the  New  Testament  Writings  (the  Canon)  ....,,,  59 

Preservation  of  the  New  Testament  Writings :  — 

The  Written  Text  (Textual  Criticism,  etc.) 60 

The  Printed  Text 62 

Dissemination  of  the  New  Testament  Writings :  — 

Ancient  Versions *    .    .  62 

Modern  Translations 63 

The  English  Bible  :  — 

Editions 64 

History 64 

The  Revised  New  Testament  of  1881 65 

Interpretation  of  the  New  Testament  Writings:  — 

History 65 

Hermeneutics  (The  Science) 66 

Exegesis  (The  Art) :  — 

Illustrative  Matter  from  Jewish  Sources 66 

Illustrative  Matter  from  Profane  Sources 67 

Commentaries :  — 

On  the  Whole  New  Testament 68 

On  Groups  of  New  Testament  Books 69 

On  Individual  Books 70 

On  Particular  Passages  or  Topics 74 

Lives  of  Christ 76 

Lives  of  the  Apostles 77 

New  Testament  Times:  — 

The  Heathen  and  Jewish  World '78 

The  Heathen  World 79 

The  Jewish  World 79 

New  Testament  Theology:  — 

General  Works 80 

Particular  Authors  and  Topics 81 

Miscellaneous  Topics 85 

Index  to  the  List 89 


LIST  OF  BOOKS. 


THE  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  THEOLOGY. 

Hagenbach,  K.  K. :  Encyclopadie  und  Methodologie  der  Theologischea 
Wissenschaften.  12te  Auflage  .  .  .  von  E.  Kautzsch,  revidirt  u.  s.  w.  von 
M.  Reiscule.    Leipzig.     18b9.    pp.  xvi.  600.  7  M. 

English  translation  of  an  earlier  edition  —  not  always  satisfactory  —  by  Geobge  R.  Crocks 
and  John  F.  Huasi,  with  additional  references  to  "English  and  American  Literature,"  and  an 
Appendix  (pp.  18)  giving  a  list  of  works  on  the  relations  of  religion  and  science,  together  with 
histories  of  Christian  churches  iu  the  United  States.     New  York.  1884.  pp.  596,  24  x  16.  |3.50. 

Copious  extracts  are  given  in  R.  F.  Weidneb,  Theological  Encyclopaedia  and  Methodology, 
based  on  Hagenbach  and  Krauth.  Pt.  i.  Exegetical  Theology  (Philadelphia.  1886.  pp.  183, 
21  X 14.  $1.26).    It  briefly  characterizes  many  of  the  books  referred  to. 

Cave,  A. :  Introduction  to  Theology,  etc.  (Edinburgh.  1886,  12s.),  gives 
(§§  30-69)  copious  lists  of  books  with  brief  judgments  upon  them. 

Rabiger,  F.  J. :  Encyclopaedia  of  Theology.  Translated,  with  additions, 
etc.,  by  John  McPherson.  2  vols.  Svo.  (i.  pp.  430;  ii.  pp.  431.)  Edinburgh. 
1885.  21». 

Zdckler,  Otto,  editor.  Handbuch  der  Theologischen  Wissenschaften 
u.  s.  w.  3d  ed.  Munich.  1890.  4  vols.  50  M.  —  Translation  announced  by 
Clarks,  Edinburgh. 

Current  Discussions  in  Theology.  By  the  professors  in  the  Chicago 
Theological  Seminary.  An  annual  review  of  the  leading  publications  in 
theology.    7  vols.  1890  (20  X  14.  $1.50  each)  have  appeared. 

Piinjer,  B.  :  Theologiscber  Jahresbericht  (by  various  scholars ;  gives 
good  critical  notices  of  books  from  1881  on).  Continued  after  the  first 
editor's  death  by  R.  A.  Lipsius. 

Hurst,  John  F. :  Bibliotheca  Theologica :  a  select  and  classified  bibli- 
ography of  theology  and  general  religious  literature.  24  X 16.  pp.  vii.  417. 
New  York.  1883.  $3.00.  —  Disappointing. 


44  LIST    OP    BOOKS 

Brigga,  C.  A.,  has  appended  a  good  select  "  Catalogue  of  Books  of  Ref- 
erence for  Biblical  Study  "  to  his  "  Biblical  Study,"  etc.  3d  ed.  N.  Y. 
1892.    $2.50. 

Well  selected  bibliographical  references  are  scattered  through  the  pages 
of  Schaff's  "  Companion  to  the  Greek  Testament  and  the  English  Ver- 
sion," 4th  ed.  New  York.    1891.    pp.  xxii.,  618,  19  X  13.    $2.75. 

Lists  of  books  are  appended  to  the  several  articles  in  Hackett  and  Abbot's 
edition  of  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  (4  vols.  1868-1870.  $20) ;  in 
Alexander's  Kitto's  Cyclopaedia  of  Biblical  Literature  (3  vols,  with  sup- 
plement. 3d  ed.  1870.  $18) ;  in  McClintock  and  Strong's  Cyclopaedia  I 
(10  vols,  with  2  vols,  supplement) ;  in  the  Real-Encyclopadie  fijr  protes- 
TANTiscHE  Theologie  und  Kirche  (2d  ed.  18  vols.  1877-1888,  216  M.),  by 
Herzog  and  Plitt,  and  finally  by  Ilauck  ;  also  in  Schaff-Herzog,  Encyclo- 
paedia of  Religious  Knowledge  (4  vols.  $20) ;  in  Smith  and  Cheetham's 
Dictionary  of  Christian  Antiquities  (2  vols.  1875-1880  $15) ;  in  Smith  and 
Wage's  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biograpliy  (4  vols.  1877,  '80,  '82,  '87.  $24)  ;• 
in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (9th  ed  $120). 

Older  (but  still  serviceable)  is:  Winer,  G.  B.  Handbuch  der  theologi- 
schen  Literatur,  hauptsachlich  der  protestantischen,  nebst  kurzen  biogra- 
phischen  Notizen  iiber  die  theologischen  Schriftsteller.  3d  ed  2  vols. 
Leipzig.  1838-1840.  With  "  Erstes  Erganzungsheft "  (giving  the  literature 
to  end  of  1841).    Leipzig.     1842. 

Less  valuable  is :  Danz,  J.  T.  L.  Universal-Worterbuch  der  theologischen 
kirchen-  und  religionsgeschichtlichen  Literatur.  Leipzig.  1843.  —  A  biblio- 
graphical dictionary  topically  arranged. 

Useful  even  in  biblical  study  are :  Bretschneidek,  C.  G.  Systematische 
Entwickelung  aller  in  der  Dogmatik  vorkommenden  Begriffe  .  .  .  nebst  der 
Literatur  (4th  ed.  Leipzig.  1841.  pp.  898,  21  X  13.  10  M.) ;  the  clear  and 
condensed  notes  in  Hase,  K  Hutterus  Redivivus  oder  Dogmatik  der  evang.- 
luth  Kirche.  (12th  ed.  1883. 18  X  12.  M.  5) ;  and  the  bibliography  in  Grimm, 
C.  L.  W.  Institutio  theologiae  dogmaticae  evangelicae  historico-critica.  {2d 
ed.  Jena.  1869.  pp.  483.,  22  X  16.  6  M.) 

The  judicious  "  Notes  on  the  Literature  of  Church  History  "  (separately,  30  cts.)  appended 
by  Prof.  Gf.orge  P.  Fisher  to  his  History  of  the  Christian  Church  (New  York  1888.  S3.50) 
will  sometimes  be  helpful  to  the  student  of  the  New  Testament ;  and  on  special  topics  Poole's 
Index  to  Periodical  Literature  (3d  ed.  $15).  with  quinquennial  Supplement,  and  the  Am. 
Library  Association's  Index  to  Miscell.  Lit.  (1893)  may  be  consulted. 

Stewart,  C.  J.  [A  deceased  London  bookseller.]  Biblical  Catalogue 
and  Supplement  with  classified  index  (no  date;  but  187-.  pp.  406,  19X13. 
5686  titles). 

There  is  no  good  bibliography  of  theological  Uterature  in  English. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OP   THE  NEW  TESTAMENT.  45 


BIBLICAL    PHILOLOGY. 

Septuagint  :  Editions. 

Sivete,  Henry  Barclay.  The  Old  Testament  in  Greek,  according  to  the 
Septuagint.  vol.  i.  Genesis  — i v.  Kings.  Cambr.  1887,  20  X  13,  pp.  xxvii., 
827.    $2.25.    vol.  ii.  1  Chron.— Tob.  pp.  xvi.  879.    1891.    vol.  iii.  in  press. 

The  best  edition.  A  portion  of  it,  issued  separately,  is :  The  Psaluu  in  Greek,  etc. 
Cambridge.  1889.    2s.  M. 

Tischendorf.  Vetus  Testamentum  Graece  juxta  LXX.  interpretes.  2 
vols.  pp.  682,  618,  23  X  15.  M.  15.  With  a  valuable  supplement  (pp.  189) 
to  the  6th  (and  subsequent)  editions  by  Eberard  Nestle;  giving  (pp.  203, 
2d  ed.  Leipzig.  1887)  a  complete  collation  of  the  texts  of  codd.  Vat.  and  Sin. 
with  the  current  text.    The  "  supplement "  may  be  had  separately. 

Field,  F.    Origenis  Hexaplorum  quae  supersunt.    2  vol.    £5  5s. 

Bagster  and  Sons'  ed.  (London.  1882.)  Also  with  parallel  English  trans- 
lation (4th  book  of  Maccabees,  etc.).    John  Wiley  and  Sons.    ^.00. 

Lagarde,  Paul  de,  issued  (Gottingen.  1883.  pp.  xvi.,  541,  25  X  19)  the 
First  Part,  comprising  Genesis-Esther,  of  an  edition  not  likely  to  be  com- 
pleted; an  endeavor  to  recover  Lucian's  text. 

The  old  edition  of  Lambert  Bos  (Frankfort.  1709.  pp.  1326,  25  X  20) 
can  be  picked  up  cheap  ($1.00),  and  is  convenient  because  it  gives  (on  the 
basis  of  the  Vat.  text)  many  of  the  varr.  of  the  Complutensian,  Aldine, 
Alex.,  as  well  as  of  sundry  MSS.,  also  Aquila,  Symmachus,  Theodotion. 

Septuagint  :  General  Character  and  History. 

Schiirer,  §  33  I. 

Buhl,  F.  Canon  and  Text  of  0.  T.  Edin.1892.  pp.259.  Is.Qd.  §§37- 
55,  esp.  §  41  and  reff. 

Hatch,  Edwin.  Essays  in  Biblical  Greek.  Oxford.  1889.  pp.  293. 
23  X  15.    10s.  Qd. 

SelTvin's  Art.  in  Bible  Dictionary,  Am.  ed.  (supplemented  by  Dr.  Abbot). 

Farrar,  F.  W.  Bampton  Lectures  for  1885  on  the  History  of  Interpreta- 
tion.   Lect.  iii.  p.  116  sqq.   16s. 

Fritzsche,  O.  F.  In  Herzog  ed.  2,  s.  v.  Bibeliibersetzungen  (cf.  Schafp- 
Herzoo,  i.  279  sq.). 

Septuagint  :   Lexicon. 

Schleusner,  J.  F.  Novus  Thesaurus,  etc.  6  vols.  22  X  14.  Leipzig.  1820- 
1821.  $5.00  the  set.  Reprinted  in  3  vols.  Glasgow.  1822.  —A  mere  alpha- 
betic collection  of  materials. 


46  LIST    OF    BOOKS 


Concordances. 

Trommius  Abr.  2  vols,  folio  1718,  —  Notoriously  imperfect,  but  valua- 
ble. Out  of  print,  but  occasionally  procurable  at  prices  ranging  from  |5.00 
to  $50.00.    Will  soon  be  surpassed  by  — 

Hatch,  Edwin,t  and  Redpath,  Henry  A :  A  Concordance  to  the  Septua- 
gint  and  the  other  Greek  versions  of  the  Old  Testament,  including  the  Ape 
cryphal  Books.    Part  I.    1892.    pp.  232.    34  X  27.    21s. 

Handy  Concordance  to  the  Septuagint.  Giving  various  Readings 
from  codd.  Vat.,  Alex.,  Sin.,  Ephraem.  With  an  Appendix  of  words  from 
Okigen's  Hexapla,  etc.    pp.  284.    $5.00.    (No  date,  but  1887.) 

Old  Testament  Apocrypha. 

Fritzsche,  0.  F.  Libri  Apocryphi  Veteris  Testaraenti  Graece  .  .  .  acce- 
dunt  libri  Vet.  Test,  pseudepigraphi  selecti  (namely,  Psalms  of  Solomon, 
Fourth  Book  of  Esdras,  Fifth  do.,  Apocalypse  of  Baruch,  Fragments  of  the 
Assumption  of  Moses).    Leipzig.     1871.  pp.  xxxvi.,  760,  22  X  15.  10.50  M. 

Commentary  (in  continuation  of  the  "  Speaker's  Commentary  ")  edited 
by  Henry  Wage  (by  various  scholars :  Ball,  Edersheim,  Farrar,  Fuller, 
GifEord,  Lupton,  Rawlinson).    2  vols.  1888.  24  X  17.  25s.  —  The  best. 

Bissell,  E.  C.  Revised  English  Translation,  with  historical  Introduction 
and  notes.  V»l.  xv.  of  SchafE's  Lange's  Old  Testament ;  makes  abundant 
use  of  the  elaborate  commentary  in  German,  by  Fritzsche,  0.  F.,  and 
Grimm,  C.  L.  W.    6  parts.  1851-1860.  23  x  14.    27  M. 

Keil,  C.  F.  Commentary  on  [two]  bks.  of  Maccabees.  Leipzig.  1875. 
pp.  428.    22  X  14. 

Zockler,  Otto.  Die  Apokr.  des  Alten  Test.  u.  s.  w.  Miinchen.  1891. 
pp.  495.  25  X  17.  8  M.  Valuable.  —  See  also  Volkmar,  G.  :  Einl.  in  d. 
Apokr.  3  vols.  1860-67.  13  M.\  Deane,  W.  J.:  Pseudepigrapha,  etc. 
Edin.  1891.  7s.  6c?. ;  Thomson,  J.  E.  H. :  Books  which  influenced  our 
Lord,  etc.  Edin.  1891. 10s.  6c?. ;  Ryle,  H.  E.  and  James,  M.  R.  :  The  Psalms 
of  the  Pharisees,  etc.    Cambr.  1891.    15s. 

Old  Testament  Apocrypha  :  Lexicon. 

Wahl,  C.  A.  Clavis  Librorum  Vet.  Test.  Apocryphorum  Philologica. 
Leipzig.    1853.    pp.  509,  27  X  17.    15  M. 

a  thorough  book;  valuable  also  for  the  study  both  of  the  Septuagint  and  of  the  New 
Testament. 


FOR   STUDENTS   OF  THE   NEW  TESTAMENT.  47 

Concordance. 

See  the  end  of  the  several  articles  in  Trommius,  and  especially  Hatch. 
(See  p.  46.) 

Meagre  Indices  "Nominum  et  Vocabulorum"  are  given  at  the  end  of 
Fritzsche's  edition.     (See  p.  46.) 

A  Concordance  to  the  English  version  of  the  Apocrypha  (together  •with  a  Concordance  to  the 
Psalter  contained  in  the  Book  ot  Common  Prayer)  is  given  in  the  Concordance  published  by 
the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge  London.  1859.  It  seems  to  be  a  revision 
of  the  Concordance  appended  to  the  unabridged  Cruden. 

New  Testament  :  the  Language  in  general. 

Art.  New  Testament,  Language  of  the,  by  Westcott,  annotated  by 
Abbot  in  Hackett  and  Abbot's  Smith,  iii.  2139  sqq.,  and  references. 

Art.  Greek  Language  (biblical),  by  James  Donaldson  in  Alexander's 
Kitto.  '- 

Scha£f :  Companion  to  the  Greek  Testament,  etc.,  ch.  i. 

Hatch :  Essays  (see  p.  45).   Cf.  Abbott,  T.  K.  :  Essays,  etc.   1891.  10s.  6rf. 

"Winer :  New  Testament  Grammar,  §§  1-4 ;  (Buttmann,  do.  Pref.  and 
Introd.).    (See  p.  49.) 

Simcos:,  W.  H. :  The  Language  of  the  New  Testament.  London,  (no 
date,  but  1889.)  pp.  226, 17  X  11.  $.76 ;  also  The  Writers  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment,   pp.  190. 

Editions  op  the  New  Testament  in  Greek. 

For  a  complete  bibliography  see  — 

Reusa,  E. :  Bibliotheca  Novi  Test.  Graeci.  1872.  pp.  314,  23  X  15,  6  M. ; 
and  Dr.  Hall's  Supplement  in  Schaff's  "  Companion,"  etc.  pp.  497-624. 

Tischendorf  (editio  octava  critica  maior)  vol,  L  1869;  vol.  XL  1872. 
pp.  2012,  23  X  16,  38  M.;  vol.  III.  Prolegomena  ed.  C.  R.  Gregory  (additis 
curis  E.  Abbot)  pars  1. 1884.    10  M. ;  pars  ii.  1890.    8  60  i/. ;  pars  iii.  in  press. 

The  best  manual  edition  of  Tdf.'s  text  is  that  edited  (in  1881)  by  Oskar 
von  Gebhart,  —  giving  the  variants  of  Tregelles  and  of  Westcott  and 
HoRT,  etc.  Editio  quinta,  Lipsiae.  1891.  pp.  xii.  492,  23  X  16.  3  M. 

A  very  convenient  and  accurate  •  pocket '  edition  is  the  "  editio  stereotypa  minor  "  (Tdf.'fl 
text  with  WH's  variants  in  footnotes)  by  Gebhardt.    Leipzig.  1887.  pp.  viii.,  624,16  X  9. 

Westcott  and  Hort:  second  (London)  impression,  Dec.  1881  and  1882. 
2  vols.  (i.  text,  pp.  680,  20  X  13;  ii.  Introd.  and  Appendix,  pp.  xxxi.  324, 
188)  10s.  Qd.  each.    Macmillan  and  Co. 


48  LIST   OF   BOOKS 

Also  manual  or  "  school "  edition.  1885.  45.  6c?.  Again,  Feb.  1887,  and 
with  a  summary  of  the  2d  vol.  of  the  larger  edition  appended,  Sept.  1889. 
Pp.  620,  15  X  11,  ^s.   (Corresponding  page  for  page  with  the  larger  edition.) 

Scrivener,  F.  H.  A. :  Nov.  Test,  textus  Stephanici,  a.  d.  1550,  cum 
variis  lectionibus  editionum  Bezae,  Elzeviri,  Lachmanni,  Tischendorfii, 
Tregellesii,  Westcott-Hortii,  Versionis  Anglicanae  Emendatorum.  Acce- 
dunt  parallela  s.  Scripturae  loca.  pp.  xvi.  598,  18  X  12.  (Cambridge  and 
London,  1887.)     7s.  6d.  —  Perhaps  the  most  convenient  manual  edition. 

Sanday,  W. :  a  reproduction  of  Bp.  Lloyd's  edition  of  Mill's  text 
with  parallel  references,  Eusebian  canons,  etc.,  and  three  Appendices,  con- 
taining the  variants  of  Westcott  and  Hort,  a  select  list  of  important  read- 
ings with  their  support,  and  sundry  readings  from  the  Memphitic,  Armenian, 
and  Aethiopic  versions.  Oxford.  1889.  pp.  xx.,  653, 199, 15  X  11.  6s.  Exqui- 
site typography.    The  Appendices  may  also  be  had  separately. 

"The  Greek  Testament  with  the  Readings  adopted  by  the  Revisers  of  the 
Authorized  Version"  (by  E.  Palmer;  Oxford.  1881).  pp.  viii.,  560,  16  X  11. 
4s.  Gd.  (Also  in  pica  type  with  marginal  references.  10s.  6d.) 

Weymouth,  Richard  F. :  The  Resultant  Greek  Testament  (exhibiting 
the  readings  of  Steph.  (1550),  Lchm.,  Treg.,  Tdf.,  Lghtft.  and  EUic.  for  the 
Epp.  of  Paul,  Alf.,  Weiss  for  Mt.,  the  Bale  edition,  WH.  and  R.  V.).  London, 
(no  date,  but  Preface  Apr.  1886)  pp.  xix.,  644, 20  X  14.  12s.  6f/.  —  Carefully 
prepared.    New  and  cheaper  ed.  (5s.)  1892. 

Harmonies. 

Robinson's,  re-edited  on  the  basis  of  Tischendorf  s  text  by  M.  B.  Riddle. 

Boston.  1885.  $2.00.  —  The  best. 

Gardiner's,  on  the  text  of  Tischendorf  as  a  basis.    Andover.  1871.  $3.00. 

Tischendorf:  Synopsis  Evangelica  (with  brief  notes  prefixed  in  the 
digest  and  select  various  readings  at  the  bottom  of  the  pages).  6th  ed. 
Leipzig.  1891.  pp.  Ix.,  184,  22  X  15.  4  M. 

New  Testament  Lexicons. 

Thayer's  Grimm's  WiLKE  (New  York.  1886;  "Corrected Edition,"  1889.) 
15.00. 

Robinson,  Edward :  any  issue  (New  York)  after  1850,  (now,  Boston.) 
$4.00. 

Cremer,  H. :  Bibllsch^Theologisches  Worterbuch  der  neutestamentlichen 
Gracitat.    6te  Auflage  (Gotha,  1889).    7te  Aufl.  begun  in  1892. 

A  translation  of  the  (Ist  edition  and  of  the)  2d  edition  was  published  by 
Clarks  (Edinburgh.  1878),  1  vol.  4to.   $6.76.    A  third  (English)  edition  with 


FOR   STUDENTS    OF   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  49 

supplement  (also  to  be  had  separately  $3.25)  embracing  much  matter  from 
the  4th  German  edition  appeared  in  1886.    pp.  943,  30  X  23.  |13.50. 

The  older  works  of  Wahl  (3d  edition  of  Claris,  etc.  Leipzig.  1843),  Bret- 
schneider  (Lexicon  Manuale,  etc.  Leipzig.  1840.  3d  ed.),  Schleusner 
(4th  ed.  Leipzig.  1819,  reprinted  at  Glasgow  in  2  vols.  1824),  still  retain 
some  value  for  one  making  researches. 

New  Testament  Synonyms. 

Trench,  R.  C. :  Synonyms  of  the  New  Testament.  10th  ed.  London.  1888. 
pp.  405,  23  X  15.  12s. 

Tittmann,  J.  A.  H. :  de  Syn.  in  Nov.  Test.  lib.  1.,  ii.  1  vol.  Leipzig.  1829- 
1832.    Translation  in  2  vols  of  Edinburgh  Biblical  Cabinet,  1833-1834. 

Pages  186-237  in  Wm.  Websteb's  '*  Syntax  and  Synonyms  of  the  Greek 
Testament."    London.  1864. 

Pages  405-422  of  the  "  Handbook  to  the  Grammar  of  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment," etc.,  issued  by  the  London  Religious  Tract  Society  (prepared  by 
Samuel  G.  Green  of  Rawdon  College) ;  see  below. 

New  Testament  Grammars. 

Winer,  G.  B.  Revised  and  authorized  translation  of  the  seventh  edition 
of  the  German  (by  Lunemann).    Andover.  1883.  pp.  744,  23  X  15.    |4.00. 

More  valuable  is  Modlton's  edition  (on  the  basis  of  the  sixth  edition  of 
the  German)  by  reason  of  the  editor's  copious  additions.  9th  English  ed. 
Edinburgh.  1877.  pp.  848,  23X 15.  15s. 

Buttmann,  Alex.    Andover.  1873  and  often,  pp.  474,  23  X 15.  $2.75. 

Green,  Thomas  Sheldon.  2d  ed.  London.  1862.  pp.  244,  20  X 13  (rather 
meagre  and  fragmentary,  but  valuable).  Also,  by  the  same  author,  "Criti- 
cal Notes  on  the  New  Testament,  supplementary  to  his  Treatise  on  the 
Grammar,"  etc.    London.  1867. 

Green,  Samuel  G.  Handbook  (see  above) ;  includes  vocabulary,  exer- 
cises, etc.,  and  is  a  complete  and  excellent  manual  for  a  beginner.  Revised 
edition.  1886.  pp.  xl.  564.    7s.  Qd. 

Simcoz,  W.  H.    See  p.  47  above. 

Concordances  to  the  Greek  New  Testament. 

Bruder,  C.  H.  Tayneiov  rwv  K.  T.  A.,  sive  Concordantiae,  etc.  2d  star, 
ed.  (Leipzig.  1853)  pp.  xxxviii.  878,  28X21,  and  frequently  since.  Notes 
many  of  the  various  readings,  distinguishes  noteworthy  forms  and  phrases, 
etc  4th  ed.  1888,  with  correction  of  more  than  430  typographical  errors,  the 


50  LIST   OF   BOOKS 

addition  of  46  new  words,  the  recognition  of  the  readings  of  Tregelles  and 
Westcott-Hort.  —  The  longer  readings  in  an  Appendix.    25  M. 

The  Englishman's  Greek  Concordance  (George  V.  Wigram 
signs  the  Introd.  as  "proprietor  and  nursing-father") ;  any  edition  after  the 
third  (June,  1860) ;  but  the  8th  ed.  (London.  1883)  gives  a  "Concordance  of 
Various  Readings "  and  other  important  additions.  £1.  Is.  The  Ameri- 
can reprint  (of  the  1st  ed.  ?),  1848,  is  less  valuable. 

Hudson's  7th  ed.  (1885.  pp.  746,  19X13.  ^2.00)  gives  the  various  read- 
ings of  Griesbach,  Lachmann,  Tischendorf,  Tregelles,  the  Proper 
Names,  etc.,  but  merely  refers  to  the  biblical  passages  (wliich  in  the  "  Eng- 
lishman's Greek,"  etc.  are  quoted  at  length  from  King  James's  version). 


BIBLICAL  ARCHAEOLOGY. 

General  Manuals. 

Keil,  C.  F.  Trans,  by  A.  Cdsin  "  with  Alterations  and  Additions  fur- 
nished by  the  Author."    2  vols.  8vo.  Edinburgh.  21s. 

Raebiger's  De  Wette.    Leipzig.  1864.  pp.  442,  23  X 15. 

Eweild,  H. :  The  Antiquities  of  Israel.  Trans,  from  3d  German  edition 
by  H.  S.  Solly.    London.    1876.    pp.  386,  23  X  15.    12s.  6rf. 

Saal^chutz,  J.  L. :  2  parts.  Konigsberg.  1855-1856.  pp.  366,  524, 
22X14.    15  Jf. 

Bissell,  E.  C. :  Biblical  Antiquities,  a  Handbook,  etc.   PhUadelphia.  1888. 

Bible  Dictionaries  and  Cyclopaedias. 

Hackett  and  Abbot's  Smith.  4  vols.  1868-1870.  pp.  xxx.  3667,  24  X 
16.    $20.00.    Indispensable.    New  ed.  of  the  English  original  preparing. 

The  best  abridgment  of  the  original  (English  edition  of)  Smith  is  S.  W.  Babnth's  Comprft* 
hensJTe  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  etc.    1  vol.    New  York.    1867. 

Alexander's  Kitto,  3d  ed.  (with  Supplements  and  Additions  and 
General  Index).    3  vols.    Edinburgh.    1870.    26  X  18.    $18. 

Herzog :  Real-Encyklopadie,  u.  s.  w.    2d  ed.    18  vols.    25X17.    (Edited 
by  Herzoo^  Plitt,  and  finally  Hauck.)     Leipzig.    1877-1888.    216  M. 
Schenkel :  Bibel-Lexikon.    6  vols.    25X16.    1869-1875.    (1890.   14  M) 

Riehm  :  Handworterbuch  des  Biblischen  Altertums  fiir  gebildete  Bibel- 
leser.    2  vols.    1875-1884.    31  if.   New  ed.  begun  in  1892. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OP   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  61 

McClintock  and  Strong's  Cyclopaedia.  10  vols.  1867-1881.  (With 
2  supplementary  vols.    1885-1887.    26  X  18.)    $5.00  a  vol. 

Schaff-Herzog  (many  valuable  articles).    4  vols.    New  York.   $20.00. 

"  The  Bible  Educator,"  edited  by  E.  H.  Plumptre.  No  date,  (1876  ?) 
Cassell,  Fetter  and  Galpin.  4  vols,  bound  in  two,  with  Index  prefixed. 
16  X  20.    2is.  —  Miscellaneous  contents. 

Hamburger,  J.  :  Real-Encyclopadie  fiir  Bibel  (vol.  i.  Strelitz.  1870), 
und  Talmud  (vol.  ii.  Strelitz.  1883.)  A  Supplement  to  ii.  (pp.  158)  in  1884, 
and  to  i.  (pp.  138)  in  1886.  —  Valuable.    3d  ed.  begun  1892. 

"Winer,  G.  B. :  Biblisches  Realworterbuch  (3d  ed.  Leipzig.  1849.  2  vols. 
pp.  688,  779,  24  X  16)  has  by  no  means  outlived  its  usefulness  (especially 
by  reason  of  its  copious  references). 

The  "  Calwer  Bibellexikon "  (Calw  und  Stuttgart.  1885)  contains 
especially  valuable  Old  Testament  articles  by  Fkiedbich  Delitzsch.  1 
vol.  pp.  1036,  26  X  19. 

Much  information,  together  with  abundant  (wood-cut)  illustrations,  will 
be  found  in  Fillion,  M.  L.  CI.,  Atlas  archeologique  de  la  Bible  d'apres  les 
meilleurs  documents  soit  anciens  soit  modernes  et  surtout  d'apres  les  decou- 
vertes  les  plus  recentes,  etc.  1883.    pp.  60,  4to.  with  xciii.  pages  of  Plates. 

Information  helpful  to  the  Biblical  student  will  often  be  found  also  in  Smith  and  Cheetham's 
Diet  of  Christ.  Antiq. ;  in  Smith  and  Wage's  Diet  of  Chris.  Biog.  (see  p.  44) ;  and  in  Lichtkn- 
BXBGEB,  Encyclop^die  des  Sciences  religieuses.    13  vols.  1877-82. 

Biblical  Geography. 

H&hricht,  R. :  Bibliotheca  geographica  Palaestinae.  Chronologisches 
Verzeichniss  der  auf  die  Geographic  des  heiligen  Landes  bezugl  Litteratur 
von  333-1878  und  Versuch  einer  Cartographic.    Berhn.    1890.    24  M. 

Tobler,  T.;  Bibliographia  Geographica  Palest.    Leip.    1867-75. 

Select  lists,  with  brief  critical  estimates,  are  given  in  McClintock  and 
Strong,  vol.  vii.  p.  580  seq. ;  by  Geove  and  Hackett  in  Smith,  vol.  iii, 
p.  2319  seq,  ;  by  Porter  in  Alexander's  Kitto  under  "Palestine"  and 
"  Geography ; "  especially  by  Socin  at  end  of  article  "  Palestine  "  in  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britanuica. 

Names  and  Places  in  the  Old  and  New  Test,  and  Apocrypha,  with  their 
modern  identifications.    Lond.    Pal.  Explor,  Fund.    1889.    3s.  6d, 

Tristram,  H.  B. :  The  Topography  of  the  Holy  Land.    Lond.  1874. 

Raumer,  Karl  von  :  Palastina.  4te  vermehrte  und  verbesserte  Auflage. 
(6th  ed.  edited  by  Furrer  announced.)    Leip.   1860.  pp.  512, 23  X  14.  6  M. 


52  LIST  OF   BOOKS 

Ritter,  Karl :  The  Comparative  Geography  of  Palestine  and  the  Sinaitic 
Peninsula.    Translated,  etc.,  by  W.  L.  Gage.    4  vols.  Edinburgh.  18b6. 

Gu^rin,  H.  V. :  Description  geographique,  historique  et  archeologique  de 
la  Palestine.    7  vols.  1868-1880,  and  not  yet  complete. 

Robinson,  Edward :  Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine,  with  Maps,  Plans, 
Notes,  etc.  2  vols.  Boston.  1856 ;  Later  Researches.  1  vol.  In  all  3  vols. 
24X15.  $10.00.  Also  a  Supplement  entitled  Physical  Geography  of  the 
Holy  Land.    1  vol.  Boston.  1865.  pp.  399,  24  X  15.  $3.50. 

Thomson,  W.  M. :  The  Land  and  the  Book.  Ist  ed.  2  vols.  1860.  Pro- 
fusely  illustrated  edition,  3  vols.  $18.00.  1880-1884.  New  "Popular  Edi- 
tion,"  3  vols.  $9.00.  Harpers.  New  York. 

Stanley,  A.  P. :  Sinai  and  Palestine  in  connection  with  their  History. 
London.  14th  ed.  1881. 

A  convenient  Sunday  School  manual  is  — 

Barro-ws,  E.  P.:  Sacred  Geography  and  Antiquities.  New  ed.  with 
App.,  Maps,  etc.    Lond.  Relig.  Tract  Soc.    6s.  6c?. 

The  Hand-books  for  modern  travellers,  namely,  — 

Baedeker's  (by  Socin)  Palestine  and  Syria.  In  English,  1872.  pp.  610, 
16  X  11.    $7.50.     3d  German  ed.  (by  L  Benzinger).  1891.  12  M. 

Murray's  (by  Poeter)  Syria  and  Palestine  (2  vols.  18  X  13,  24s. ;  re- 
vised ed.  1892)  —  are  valuable,  especially  for  the  present  state  of  the  country. 

Maps. 

Kiepert's  Wandkarte  about  6  ft.  X  4  ft.  (gives  biblical,  classical,  and 
modern  names).    Berlin.    1890.    $5.90. 

Raaz's  Wall  Map.    A  photolithographed  relief  (with  English  lettering). 

Carl  Zimmermann's  Karte  von  Syrien  und  Palaestina ;  erste  Halfte. 
Palaest.  u.  die  Sinai- Halbinsel,  in  15  sheets  (Berlin,  1850)  to  accompany 
K.  Ritter's  "  Erdkunde."    (See  p.  15  above.) 

Osborn,  H.  S.:  Wall  Map  of  Palestine  (Oxford,  Ohio.  1891.  9^  ft.  X  6. 
$10),  and  Map  of  St.  Paul's  Travels  (6  ft.  X  5.    $6). 

But  all  these  have  been  surpassed  by  the  maps  of  the  (English)  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund  :  especially  — 

Palestine  from  the  Surveys  for  the  Com.  of  the  Pal.  Expl.  Fund  and 
other  sources,  compiled  by  Geo.  Armstrong  and  revised  by  Wilson  and 
Conder.  Lond.  1890  (8  ft.  X  5^  ft. ;  scale  -f  inch  to  one  mile).  Also  in 
sheets.  O.  T.  names,  N.  T.  names,  Apocr.  names,  Josephus  names,  Talmudic 
names,  Modern  names,  distinguished. 

Edward  Stanford's  Map  of  Palestine.    Lond.  1890.   80  inches  X  102.   $20. 


FOR  STUDENTS  OP  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT.  53 

Atlases. 

Menke,  Theodor. :  Bibelatlas  in  acht  Blattern  (Gotha.  1868,  and  subse- 
quently improved)  exhibits  the  country  at  various  historical  epochs,  etc. 
38  X  25.    Excellent. 

Riess,  R.  V. :  Bibelatlas  in  zehn  Karten,  nebst  geographischem  Index. 
2ded.    1887.    (English  edition  of  first  edition.    1881.) 

Clark,  Samuel :  Bible  Atlas,  with  Complete  Index  by  George  Grove. 
(Society  for  promoting  Christian  Knowledge.)     London.     1868.    |6.00. 

Smith,  Wm.  and  Grove,  Geo. :  Atlas  of  Ancient  Geography,  BibUcal 
and  Classical.    Lond.    1875.    50  X  35.    £6  6s. 

Cheap  manuals  are  — 

Kiepert,  Henry :  Atlas  antiquus.    10th  ed.    Bost.  and  N.  Y.    1892.    |2. 

Hurlbut,  J.  L. :  Manual  of  Biblical  Geography.  Chicago.  No  date, 
pp.  157,  30  X  25.    $2.75. 

Osburn,  H.  S. :  Class  Book  of  Biblical  History  and  Manual  of  Geography. 
Oxford,  Ohio.    1892. 

Biblical  Natural  History. 

Tristram,  H.  B. :  The  Natural  History  of  the  Bible.  (Society  for  pro- 
moting Christian  Knowledge.)  London.  2d  ed.  1868.  pp.  518,  20  X  13. 
7s.  6c?. 

Tristram,  H.  B. :  Flora  and  Fauna  (with  hand-colored  illustrations,  etc.) 
edited  for  the  Palestine  Exploration  Fund  (1  vol.  3  guineas)  is  of  little  ser- 
vice except  to  the  scientist. 

Groser,  W.  H. :  Trees  and  Plants  mentioned  in  the  Bible.  "  By-paths 
of  Bible  Knowledge  "  series,  X.    London.    1888.    18X13.    3s.— Popular. 

Hart,  W.  C. :  Animals  of  the  Bible.  —  A  book  of  the  same  series  and 
character  as  the  preceding. 

"Wood,  J.  G. :  Bible  Animals.  112  vignettes.  10s.  6d. 

L6"w,  Immanuel :  Aramaische  Pflanzennamen  (Leipzig.  1881.  pp.490). — 
A  learned  handbook  (giving  the  history  of  biblical  plants,  eta)  of  the  highest 
merit. 

Valuable  articles  on  the  "Plants  of  the  Bible"  (by  W.  Cakruthers,  of 
the  Botanical  Department,  British  Museum)  may  be  found  in  the  "Bible 
Educator."    Cf.  p.  51. 

Pillion,  M.  L.  CI. :  Atlas  d'histoire  naturelle  de  la  Bible  d'apr^s  les  monu- 
ments anciens  et  les  meilleures  sources  modernes  et  contemporaines.  Pp.  112, 
with  cxii.  pages  of  Plates.     4to.  Paris.  1884. 

The  best  treatment  of  Biblical  precioos  stones  is  in  Riehm  s.  y.  Edelsteine.  Cf.  also  EiNa's 
various  works. 


54  LIST   OF   BOOKS 

Biblical  Ethnography,  or  Manners  and  Customs. 

The  older  works  like  Bush's  "Illustrations/'  Hackett's,  Roberts's,  still 
have  some  value. 

Merrill,  S. :  Galilee  in  the  Time  of  Christ.  Boston.  Without  date,  but 
1881.  pp.  159, 18  X  13. 

Edersheim,  A. :  Sketches  of  Jewish  Social  Life  in  the  Days  of  Christ. 
London.  (Religious  Tract  Society.)  pp.  342,  19  X 14.  6s. 

Delitzsch,  Franz :  Handwerkerleben  zur  Zeit  Jesu.  3d  ed.  (best  trans- 
lation by  P.  C.  Croll.  Philadelphia.  1883) ;  Ein  Tag  in  Capernaum.  3d  ed. 
1886  (a  picture  from  the  Galilean  ministry  of  Jesus) ;  Jesus  und  Hillel.  1866. 
Durch  Krankheit  zur  Genesung  (leprosy  and  the  days  of  Herod  Agrippa). 

These  little  narratives  have  been  more  than  once  translated. 

Van  Lennep :  Bible  Lands ;  their  modern  customs  and  manners  illus- 
trative of  Scripture.    New  York.  1875. 

Biblical  Legislation,  etc.  :   Civil  and  Political  Usages, 

The  works  on  archaeology  named  above  (p.  60  seq.),  especially  Ewald,  Db 
Wette,  Saalschutz,  and  above  all  Schuber's  History  of  the  Jewish 
People.  §  28.  J.  D.  Michaelis's  elaborate  Commentaries  on  the  Laws 
of  Moses  (translated  by  Alexander  Smith),  4  vols.  1814,  are  not  yet  quite 
superseded. 

Wines,  E.  C. :  Laws  of  the  Ancient  Hebrews.    New  York.  1853. 

Worship. 

General  works  on  archaeology  (see  p.  50  seq.),  especially  Keil,  Ewaldw 

Schiirer,  E. :  History  of  the  Jewish  People,  §§  22-24 ;  cf.  §  15,  n.  ^2. 

Edersheim,  A.:  The  Temple,  its  Ministry  and  Services,  etc.  2d  ed. 
1874.    London.    (Religious  Tract  Society.)    pp.  368,  19  X  14.    5s. 

Perrot  and  Chipiez  :  Histoire  de  I'Art  dans  I'antiquite'.  vol.  iv.  (Paris. 
1887.)    Trans,  and  edited  by  F.  Gonino.    2  vols.    1890.   £1  16s. 


General  works  on  Archaeology  (see  p.  50  seq.). 

Smith's  Bible  Dictionary,  especially  its  supplementary  references,  under 
Essenes,  Pharisees,  Sadducees. 

Able  articles  by  Ginsburg  in  Alexander's  Kitto. 

Wellhausen,  J.  :  Die  Pharisaer  und  die  Sadducaer.  Greifswald.  1874. 
pp.  164,  22  X 14.  —  Valuable. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OF   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  55 

Montet,  Edouard;  Les  Origines  des  parties  Saduceen  et  Pharisien  et  leur 
histoire  jusqu'a  la  naissance  de  Jesus-Christ.  Paris.  1883.  pp.  xvi.  334, 
23  X  15. 

Lightfoot,  J.  B. :  Dissertation  on  the  Essenes  in  his  Comm.  on  Col.  and 
Philem.   Reprinted  in  "  Dissertations  on  the  Apost.  Age."  1892.  pp.435.  14s. 

Lucius,  P.  E. :  Essenismus  in  seinem  Verhaltniss  zum  Judenthum. 
Strassburg.     1881,    pp.  132,  3  ili. 

Above  all,  Schukeb,  E.  :  History  of  the  Jewish  People,  §§  26,  30. 

Literature,  Science,  and  Art. 

Schiirer,  E.:  History  of  the  Jewish  People.  §§  25,  32,  33.  —  Unrivalled. 

Stainer,  J. :  The  Music  of  the  Bible,  etc.  (reprinted  from  the  "Bible 
Educator,"  see  p.  51).    No  date,  but  1879.    pp.  186,  19  X  13. 

Madden,  F.  W. :  Coins  of  the  Jews,  with  279  wood-cuts  and  a  plate  of 
alphabets.  Lond.  pp.  x.  329.  1881.  —  A  reconstruction  of  his  earlier  "  His- 
tory of  Jewish  Coinage,"  etc.    London.   1864. 

Biblical   Chronology. 

Lewin,  Thomas:  Fasti  Sacri  (from  b.  c.  70  to  a.  d.  70).  London.  1865. 
pp.  429,  26  X  18.    $7.00.     Very  convenient. 

Browne,  Henry :  Ordo  Saeclorum  :  A  Treatise  on  the  Chronology  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures,  etc.    London.    1844.    pp.  704,  23  X  15. 

"Wieseler,  Karl;  art.  "  Zeitrechnung  neutestamentliche  "  in  Hebzog  1st 
ed.    vol.  xxi.    pp.  543-570. 

Wieseler:  Chronologische  Synopse  der  vier  Evangelien,  etc.  Hamburg. 
1843.    pp.  viii.,  497,  22  X  14.     (Eng.  trans,  by  E.  Venables.    1864.) 

"Wieseler:  Chronologic  des  apostolischen  Zeitalters  bis  zum  Tode  der 
Apostel  Paulus  und  Petrus.    Gottingen.    1848.    pp.  xiv.,  606, 22  X  14.   7  M. 

The  thesaurus  of  De  Mas  Latrie  (Tresor  de  Chronologic  d'Histoire  et  de 
Geographic,  etc.    Paris.    1889.    Folio)  will  be  found  helpful. 


New  Testament  "Introductions." 

Holtzmann,  H.  J. :  Lehrbuch  d.  historisch-kritischen  Einleitung  in  das 
Neue  Testament  (a  vol.  of  Mohr's  Sammlung  Theologischer  Lehrbiicher. 
Freiburg.  LB.)  3d  ed.  1892.  pp.  xvi.  508, 24  X  16.  9.60  ilf.  —  The  most 
recent  and  complete  digest  of  views.  Pages  17  to  74  are  devoted  to  a  history 
of  the  Text. 


66  LIST    OF    BOOKS 

"Weiss,  B.:  Lehrbuch  der  Einleitung  in  das  Nene  Testament.  Berlin. 
1889.  2d  ed.  pp.  xii.  644,  24  X  16.  11  M.  An  Appendix  treats  of  textual 
criticism.  —  Scholarlj'^  and  judicious ;  the  best.  Eng.  trans,  by  A.  J.  K. 
Davidson.  2  vols.  Lond.  1889.  16s.  (Am.  reprint  by  Funk  &  Wagnalls. 
§4.00.) 

Reuss,  R  (i.e.  W.  E.) :  Gesch.  d.  heiligen  Schriften  Neuen  Testaments. 
6te  Ausgabe.  Braunschweig.  1887.  pp.  686.  The  5th  edition  translated 
by  Edward  L.  Houghton  with  numerous  bibliograpliical  additions  includ- 
ing English  and  American  works.  Boston.  1884.  2  vols.  pp.  639,  23  X  16. 
§5.00. —  Somewhat  defective  respecting  recent  views  and  books,  but  me- 
thodical and  valuable. 

Bleek,  Friedrich :  Einleitung,  etc.  1st  and  2d  ed.  by  J.  F.  Bleek  ;  3d 
(1875)  and  4th  (1886)  by  Prof.  W.  Mangold.  Second  edition  translated 
by  Urwick  (2  vols.  24  X  15.  Edinburgh.  1869-1870.  21s.)  —  Clear  and  can- 
did and  not  quite  antiquated. 

Hertwig,  O.  R. :  Die  Einl.  in's  Neue  Test  in  Tabellarischer  Uebersicht. 
4th  ed.  by  H.  Weingaeten.  Berlin.  1872.  —  A  convenient  and  condensed 
tabular  classification  of  opinions. 

Davidson,  Samuel :  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  New  Testament 
in  2  vols.  2d  ed.  London.  1882.  $10.00.  —  Extreme  Tiibingen  views,  stated 
almost  without  references  or  proof. 

The  older  work  by  Davidson  in  3  vols.  23  X  15,  1848-1851,  contains  mat- 
ter still  valuable  in  relation  to  the  history  of  opinions. 

Salmon,  George :  A  Historical  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Books  of 
the  New  Testament.  London.  6th  ed.  1892.  pp.  xxiv.,  625,  20  X  14.  9s. 
—  An  antidote  to  Davidson  ;  bright,  learned,  hyper-conservative. 

Gloag,  Paton  J. :  Introduction  to  the  Pauline  Epistles.  Edinburgh.  1874. 
pp.  480,  23  X  15.    12s. 

Gloag,  Paton  J. :  Introd.  to  the  Catholic  Epistles.    Edin.    1887.    10s.  Gd. 

Gloag,  Paton  J. :  Introduction  to  the  Johannine  Writings.    Edin.    1891. 

Farrar,  F.  W. :  The  Messages  of  the  Books.  1885.  pp.  582,  21  X  15. 
$2.50.  —  Popular. 


Origin  of  the  New  Testament  Writings. 

In  addition  to  the  collections  of  testimonies  from  early  writers  given  by 
Nathaniel  Labdner  (Works,  10  vols.  8vo.  1838;  1st  ed.  11  vols.  1788) 
we  have  — 

Charteris,  A.  H. :  Canonicity,  etc.,  which  reproduces  in  English  (Edin- 
burgh and  London.  1880.  pp.  484,  23  X 16)  and  supersedes 


FOB   STUDENTS    OF   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  57 

Ejxchhofer,  J. :  Quellensammlung  zur  Gesch.  des  neutestamentlichen 
Canons  bis  auf  Hieronymus  u.  s.  w.  Zurich.  1844.  ("  Fairly  complete  but 
frequently  inaccurate." —  Westcott.) 

On  the  Textual  Kelations  of  the  Gospels,  see  — 

Rushbrooke,  W.  G. :  Synopticon ;  an  Exposition  of  the  Common  Mat- 
ter of  the  Synoptic  Gospels  (printed  in  colors),  pp.  241,  37  X  27.  Macmillan 
&  Co.  1880.  36s. 

Abbott,  E.  A.,  and  W.  G.  Rushbrooke :  The  Common  Tradition  of  the 
Synoptic  Gospels  in  the  text  of  the  Revised  Version,  pp.  xxxix.,  156,  20  X 
13.    Macmillan  &  Co.  1884.  '3s.  Qd. 

Holtzmann,  H.  J. :  Die  synoptischen  Evangelien  ihr  Ursprung  und 
geschichtlicher  Charakter.    Leipzig.  1863.  pp.  xvi.,  514,  23X15.  7  M. 

Discussions  of  the  Evidence  :  In  whole  or  in  pari. 

In  addition  to  those  to  be  found  in  the  "Introductions,"  see  — 

Lardner,  Nathaniel :  The  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  History  (separately  ; 
and  also  in  the  first  five  vols,  of  his  Works  (see  p.  66) ;  see  also,  in  vols, 
vii.  viii.  and  ix.,  Jewish  Testimonies  to  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion, 
and  Testimonies  of  Ancient  Heathen  Authors.     (Now  needing  revision.) 

Norton,  A. :  The  Evidences  of  the  Genuineness  of  the  Gospels.  2d  ed. 
3  vols.  22  X  15.  Boston.  1846-1848.  Still  valuable.  Abridged  ed.  1  vol. 
Boston.     1867.    pp.  584,  20  X  14. 

Supernatural  Religion :  an  Inquiry  into  the  Reality  of  Divine  Reve- 
lation. 3  vols.  7th  ed.  London.  1879.  On  the  anonymous  author's  posi- 
tions see  Sandat,  W.  :  The  Gospels  in  the  Second  Century,  etc.  London. 
1876.  pp.  xiv.,  384,  20  X  14,  10s.  6^.;  and  especially  Lightfoot,  J.  B. : 
Essays  on  the  work  entitled  Supernatural  Religion,  reprinted  from  the  Con- 
temporary Rev.  1  vol.  1889.  23  X  15.  pp.  324,  10s.  6d. ;  cf.  "  A  Reply  to 
Dr.  Lightfoot's  Essays,"  by  the  author  of  Supernatural  Religion.  Lon- 
don. 1889.  1  vol.  23  X  15.  pp.  180.  6s.;  also  the  Preface  to  the  4th  (or 
subsequent)  edition  of  Westcott  on  the  Canon  (see  p.  59). 

Westcott,  B.  F. :  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Four  Gospels.  7th 
ed.  1888.    19  X  14 ;  10s.  Qd. 

Fisher,  Geo.  P. :  The  Supernatural  Origin  of  Christianity.  3d  ed.  1870. 
24  X  16.   12.50. 

Cone,  Orello ;  Gospel- Criticism  and  Historical  Christianity.  N.  Y.  1891. 
pp.  365.    20  X  15.    $1.75. 

Ebrard,  J.  H.  A. :  Wissenschaf tliche  Kritik  der  evangelischen  Geschichte. 
3te  Aufl.    1868.     (Eng.  trans.     Edinburgh.    10s.  6d.) 


58  LIST    OF    BOOKS 

Rcw,  C.  A. :  The  Jesus  of  the  Evangelists  :  his  historical  character  vin- 
dicated ;  or  an  Examination  of  the  internal  Evidence  for  our  Lord's  Divine 
Mission,  with  reference  to  modern  controversy.  2ded.  London.  1880.  pp.340. 

Steinmeyer,  F.  L.:  Apologetische  Beitrage  ••  comprising  the  following  — 

I.  Die  Wunderthaten  u.  s.  w.  Berlin.  1866.  pp.  254,  22  X  14.  2.26  M.  (Eng.  trans, 
Edinb.  1875  pp.  274.  7s.  Qd.) ;  II  Die  Leidensgeschichte  2te  A.ufl.  1882.  4  M. ;  III.  Die 
AuferstehungPgeschichte  1871.  3  M.  (II.  and  III.  trans,  in  1  vol.  Edinb,  10s.  6rf  ) ;  IV. 
Die  Gesch.  der  Geburt  a  8.  w.     1873.    3  M 

Also  by  the  same  author,  Beitrage  zum  Verstandniss  des  Johanneischen  Erangeliums  (viz. 
I.  d.  hohepriest.  Gebet  2.25  M. ;  II.  ch.  iv.  2  M.  ;  III.  ch.  xi.  1.80  M. ;  IV.  ch.  iii. 
2  Jif. ;  V    ch.  IX.    1.80  M.  ;  VI  ch.  x.     1.80  M). 

Alexander,  W. :  The  Leading  Ideas  of  the  Grospels.  New  edition.  1892. 
.fl.75. 

Dale,  R.  W.:  The  Living  Christ  and  the  Four  Gospels.  Lond.  1890. 
pp.  299,  20  X  14.    7s.  6rf. 

"Watkins,  H.  W.:  Modern  Criticism  ...  in  its  relation  to  the  Fourth 
Gospel     Bampton  Lect.  for  1890.    pp.  502.    23  X  15.     15s. 

The  Fourth  Gospel :  Essays  by  Ezra  Abbot,  A.  P.  Peabody,  and  Bp. 
Lightfoot.    N.  Y.    1891.    pp.  171.    23  X  15.    $1.50. 

Thoma,  A.  -.  Die  Genesis  des  Johannes-Evangeliums,  ein  Beitrag  zu  seiner 
Auslegung,  Geschichte  uud  Kritik.     Berlin.  1882.  pp.  xvi.  879.  14  M. 

Sanday,  W. ;  The  Authorship  and  Historical  Character  of  the  Fourth 
Gospel,  considered  in  reference  to  the  Contents  of  the  Gospel  itself.  London. 
1872.  8s.  6c?. 

Abbot,  Ezra:  The  Authorship  of  the  Fourth  Gospel;  External  Evi- 
dences, pp.  112,  23  X  16.  $.75.  (In  his  "Critical  Essays."  Boston.  1888,  and 
separately.) 

Beyschlag,  Willibald:  Zur  Johanneischen  Frage:  Beitrage  zur  Wiir- 
digung  des  vierten  Evangeliums  gegeniiber  den  AngrifEen  der  kritischen 
Schule.  (Reprinted,  with  additions,  from  the  Theol.  Studien  u.  Kritiken 
for  1874  and  1875.)     Gotha.  1876.  pp.  260,  22  X15.    English  translation. 

Luthardt,  Chr.  Ernst :  Der  Johanneische  Ursprung  des  vierten  Evangeli- 
ums. Leipzig.  1874.  pp.  224,  20  X  13.  The  English  translation  by  C.  R. 
Gregory  (Edinburgh.  1875.  23X15.  7s.  6c?.)  contains  (pp.  28.3-369)  an 
admirable  bibliography  brought  down  to  the  date  of  its  publication. 

Paley,  W. :  Horae  Paulinae.  Innumerable  editions  —  one  of  the  best  by 
T.  R.  BiRKS.    London.  1850.    3s. 

Popular  works  relating  more  or  less  closely  to  the  subject  are  — 

Christianity  and  Agnosticism,  a  Controversy ;  consisting  of  papers 
by  Wace,  Huxley,  Magee,  Mallock,  Mrs.  Hdmphry  Ward.  New  York. 
1889.  pp.  329,  18  X 12.  $.50. 


FOR   STUDENTS    OF   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  59 

Fisher,  George  P. :  Manual  of  Christian  Evidences.  New  York.  1888. 
pp.  123,  17  X  12.  §.75.  A  larger  work  is  "  The  Grounds  of  Theistic  and 
Christian  Belief."  $2.50.  See  also  "  The  Nature  and  Method  of  Revelation," 
by  the  same  author.    New  York.  1890.  pp.  xiii.,  291,  19  X 13. 

Row,  C.  A. :  A  Manual  of  Christian  Evidences.  London.  1887.  A  vol. 
of  the  "  Theological  Educator  "  series.  17  X  10.  2s.  6c?. 

"Wright,  G.  Fred. :  The  Logic  of  Christian  Evidences.  Andover.  1880. 
pp.  328,  19  X  13.  $1.50. 

Also  many  of  the  "  Present  Day  Tracts  "  (Eeligious  Tract  Soc.  London). 


Collection  of  the  New  Testament  Writings,  i.  b. 
Formation  and  History  of  the  Canon. 

"Westcott,  B.  F. :  A  general  Survey  of  the  History  of  the  Canon  of  the 
New  Testament.  19X14.  6th ed.  (With  Preface  on  "Supernatural  Religion.") 
London.  1889.  pp.  Ivi.,  593.     10s.  6c?.  —  Fair,  thorough,  satisfactory. 

Zahn,  Theodor :  Geschichte  des  neutestamentlichen  Kauons.  Two  vols. 
(5  Pts.)  pp.  968  and  1022  (1888-1892).   23  X  16.   60  M.  have  appeared. 

See  also  Harnack,  A. :  Das  Neue  Testament  urn  das  Jahr  200.  Freiburg. 
1889.  pp.  112,23  X  15.  2  M.  (A  severe  review  of  Zahn's  first  volume) ; 
and  the  reply  by  Zahn  :  Einige  Bemerkungen  zu  Adolf  Harnack's  Prii- 
fung  u.  s.  w.    Erlangen.     1889.    pp.  37.    60  Pfen. 

Credner,  C.  A.:  Gesch.  des  neutestamentlichen  Kanon.  Herausgegeben 
von  Dr.  G.  Volkmar.    Berlin.    1860.  —  Valuable,  but  carelessly  edited. 

Weiss,  Einleitung  (see  p.  66).  Holtzmann,  Einleltung  (see  p.  66). 
pp.  75-204. 

Reuss,  E.:  Histoire  du  Canon  des  Saintes-lfecritures  dans  Teglise  Chr^ti- 
enne.  2d  ed.  Strasbourg.  1863.  pp.  432, 22  X  14.  Translated  by  David 
Hunter.    Edinburgh.    1884.    pp.  640.     15s. 

Loisy,  A. :  Histoire  du  Canon  du  N.  T.    Paris.    1892.    15/cs. 

Charteris,  A.  H. .-  The  New  Testament  Scriptures,  their  Claims,  History, 
and  Authority  ;  being  the  Croall  Lectures  for  1882. 

Davidson,  S. :  The  Canon  of  the  Bible :  its  Formation,  History,  and 
Fluctuations.  3d  revised  and  enlarged  ed.  of  his  (readable  but  dogmatic) 
article  in  the  Encyc.  Brit  9th  ed.    London.    1880.    pp.  279,  18  X  12.    5s. 

A  trustworthy  little  work  for  laymen  is  — 

Westcott,  B.  F.;  The  Bible  in  the  Church.  10th  ed.  Macmillans.  1889. 
pp.  316, 16  X  11.    4s.  6d. 


60  LIST  OF   BOOKS 


Preservation  of  the  New  Testament  Writings. 

1.   The  Written  Text:    Textual  Criticism,  etc. 
See  the  general  works  on  Greek  palaeography  and  epigraphy ;  such  as  — 

Gardthausen,  V. :  Griechische  Palaeographie,  with  12  tables.  Leipzig. 
1879.  pp.  472,  25  X 17.  J/.  18.40.  (New  edition  preparing.) — Comprehensive 
and  serviceable. 

Reinach,  S. :  Traite  d'Epigraphie  Grecque  (Paris.  1885.  pp.  560,  25  X 
16)  the  second  part  of  which  consists  of  an  annotated  translation  of  New- 
ton's "  Essay  on  Greek  Epigraphy."  —  A  thesaurus. 

Hinrichs,  G. :  Griechische  Epigraphik.  (Mullek's  Handbuch  d.  Alter- 
thumswissenschaft  vol.  i.)    Nordlingen.  1886.  6  M. 

Meisterhans,  K. :  Grammatik  der  Attischen  Inschrif  ten.  2d  ed.  Berlin. 
1888.  M.  6.50.  — A  thorough  little  book. 

Berger,  P. :  Hist,  de  recriture  dans  I'antiquite.  Paris.  1891.  pp.  xviii., 
389. 

Birt,  Theodor :  Das  antike  Buchwesen  in  seinem  Yerhaltniss  zur  Littera- 
tur.    Berlin.     1882.    pp.518. 

The  older  or  the  more  voluminous  standard  works  are  — 

Montfaucon,  Bern,  de :  Palaeographia  Graeca,  etc.  fol.  Paris.  1708, 
pp.  574. 

[Tassin,  R.  P.  and  Toustain,  C.  F.]  :  Nouveau  Traite  de  Diplomatique, 
etc.    6  vols,    folio,  1750-65. 

Silvestre,  J.  B. :  Pale'ographie  Universelle.  (There  is  an  abridged  trans- 
lation of  the  text  by  F.  Madden.    2  vols.    London.    1849-1850.) 

Palaeographical  Society,  The  :  Facsimiles  of  Manuscripts  and  Inscrip- 
tions, edited  by  E.  A.  Bond  and  E.  M.  Thompson.  From  1873  on.  A  mag- 
nificent work ;  vol.  i.  (1873-1883)  contains  many  facsimiles  of  New  Testament 
texts ;  vol.  ii.  1884  on. 

See  the  article  on  Palaeography  (by  E.  M.  Thompson)  in  the  Encycl.  Brit. 
9th  ed. ;  also  E.  L.  Hicks,  Manual  of  Greek  Hist.  Inscriptions  (Oxford,  1882). 

Wattenbach,  W. :  Anleitung  zur  griechischen  Palaeographie.  2d  ed. 
1877.  pp.  64  -f  32  in  facsimile  MS.  26  X  20.  $1.50.  Also  his  Schrifttafeln 
zur  Gesch.  der  griech.  Schrift.  Berlin.  1877 ;  and  Scripturae  Graecae  Spe- 
cimina,    1883.    30  Plates. 


FOE  STUDENTS   OF   THE   NEW  TESTAMENT,  61 

Allen,  T.  W. :  Notes  on  Abbreviations  in  Greek  Manuscripts  (with  eleven 
pages  orfacsimiles).    Oxford.  1889.  pp.  51,  25  X  17. 

The  following  treat  specially  of  the  text  of  the  New  Testament  — 

The  Prolegomena  to  the  "Editio  Octava  Critica  Maior"  of  Tischen- 
dorf's  Greek  Testament,  forming  vol.  iii.  of  that  work.  The  "  First  Part " 
(by  C.  R.  Ghegory  assisted  by  Ezra  Abbot,  Leipzig.  1884.  pp.  440.  10  M.) 
treats  of  the  life  and  works  of  Tischendorf,  the  principles  of  editing  the 
text,  grammatical  forms,  etc.,  order  of  books,  etc.,  history  of  the  text  (pub- 
lished and  unpublislied),  and  a  description  of  the  known  uncial  MSS. ;  it  is 
accompanied  throughout  with  copious  and  trustworthy  references  to  the 
bibliography.  The  "  Second  Part,"  pp.  441-800.  1890,  treats  of  the  cursive 
MSS.  The  Third  (and  last)  Part  will  deal  with  the  ancient  versions,  quo- 
tations, etc. 

Scrivener,  F.  H.  A. :  A  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criticism  of  the  New 
Testament.  3d  ed.  1883.  pp.  xxxix.,  712,  23  X  15.  16s.  See  (supplementary 
and  corrective)  "Notes  on  Scrivener's  Plain  Introduction,  etc.,  chiefly 
from  memoranda  of  the  late  Prof.  Ezra  Abbot,"  etc.  Boston.  1885.  pp. 
66).    A  new  (posthumous)  ed.  of  Scrivener's  Introduction  is  preparing. 

Tregelles,  S.  P. :  in  the  first  part  (pp.  402)  of  the  Fourth  Vol.  of  T.  H. 
Horne's  "Introduction  to  the  Holy  Scriptures,"  10th  and  following  editions 
—  also  issued  separately  (1856  sqq.). 

SchaS;  P. :  A  Companion  to  the  Greek  Testament  and  the  English  Ver- 
sion. 4th  ed.  New  York.  1891.  pp.  62-224.  —  This  work  had  the  benefit 
of  the  bibliographical  knowledge  and  vigilant  supervision  of  Ezra  Abbot. 

Mitchell,  Edward  C. :  Critical  Handbook,  etc.  London  (Religious  Tract 
Society)  pp.  151,  20  X  13,  and  Andover.    1880.    3s.  6rf. 

Hammond,  C.  E  :  Outlines  of  Textual  Criticism  applied  to  the  New 
Testament.  Oxford.  5th  ed.  1891.  pp.154.  17X12.  4s.  6rf.  — Adry 
but  thorough  little  manual. 

"Warfield,  B.  B. :  An  Introduction  to  the  Textual  Criticism  of  the  New 
Testament.  (A  vol.  of  Nicoll's  " Theological  Educator"  pp.  225, 17  X  11. 
2s.  6<i.)  —  A  bright,  readable  book. 

The  evidence  in  Debated  Passages  will  be  found  discussed  in  the  works 
of  Scrivener,  Tregelles,  etc.    Also  in  — 

Green,  Thos.  Sheldon :  A  Course  of  developed  Criticism  on  Passages  of 
the  New  Testament  materially  affected  by  Various  Readings.  Bagsters. 
London.  No  date. 

Abbot,  Ezra :  Critical  Essays  (Boston.  1888.  23  X 16.  $3.50).  He  discusses 
(incidentally)  the  principles,  and  applies  them  to  disputed  passages,  with  a 
lucidity  and  authority  unsurpassed. 


62  LIST    OF   BOOKS 

"Westcott  and  Hort's  Greek  Testament,   vol.  ii.   Appendix,  pp.  1-40. 

Sanday,  W. :  Appendices  to  the  Greek  Testament.  Londofl.  1889. 
pp.  199,  15  X  11.    3s.  6d.  —  A  convenient  little  manual  of  results. 

Popular  books  are  :  — 

Taylor,  Isaac :  History  of  the  Transmission  of  Ancient  Books  to  Modern 
Times.    London.    1859.    pp.  413,  20  X  13.    $2.75. 

Scrivener,  F.  H. :  Six  Lectures  on  the  Text  of  the  New  Testament  and 
the  ancient  MSS.  which  contain  it.  Chiefly  addressed  to  those  who  do  not 
read  Greek.     Cambridge  and  London.     1875-    pp.  216,  18  X  13.    6s. 

Milligan,  Wm.  and  Roberts,  Alex. :  The  Words  of  the  New  Testament 
as  altered  by  Transmission  and  ascertained  by  modern  Criticism.  Edin- 
burgh.   1873.    pp.  262,  19  X  14.    6s. 

2.   The  Printed  Text. 

See  the  works  of  Gregory,  Scrivener,  Schaff,  etc.,  mentioned  p.  61. 

Tregelles,  S.  P. :  An  Account  of  the  Printed  Text  of  the  Greek  New 
Testament,  etc.  London.  1854.  pp.  274  (with  an  appended  Collation, 
pp.  94),  23  X  15.  $4.00  (?).  For  accounts  of  the  older  edd.,  trans.,  etc., 
see  — 

Masch's  Le  Long's  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  etc.  Two  Parts  (4  vols.)  1778- 
1790.    25  X  21.    $5.00  (?). 

Riiegg,  A. :  Die  neutestamentliche  Textkritik  seit  Lachmann.  pp.97. 
24  X  16.    Zurich.    1892.    M.  2.40. 

Catalogues  with  careful  descriptions  are  — 

Reuss,  Ed. :  Bibliotheca  Novi  Testamenti  Graeci,etc.  Brunsvigae.  1872. 
pp.  314,  23  X  15.  $1.75  (?)  (Cf.  Prof.  Hall's  supplementary  annotations 
in  App.  I.  to  Schaff's  Companion,  etc.,  pp.  497-524.)     See  p.  47. 

Hall,  I.  H. :  American  Greek  Testaments  :  a  critical  bibliography  of  the 
Greek  New  Testament  as  published  in  America.  Philadelphia.  1883.  pp. 
82,  25  X  16. 


Dissemination  op  the  New  Testament  Writings. 
1.   Ancient  Versions. 

For  detailed  accounts  see  "Versions,  Ancient,"  in  Smith;  also  "Bible 
Versions  "  in  Schaff-Herzog  ;  Scrivener's  "  Introduction,"  etc.,  ch.  iii. ; 
Schaff's  "  Companion,"  etc.,  ch.  iii. 

Especially  Gregory's  "  Prolegomena  "  to  Tischendorp,  ch.  ix. 


FOR   STUDENTS   OP    THE  NEW  TESTAMENT.  63 

Trustworthy  accounts  of  some  of  the  older  editions  of  the  versions  may- 
be found  in  Masch's  Le  Long  (see  p.  62) ;  and  Simon,  R.  :  Histoire  Cri- 
tique des  Versions  du  Nouv.  Test.,  etc.  Rotterdam.   1690.   pp.  639.   25  X  19. 

Passing  mention  may  be  made  of  — 

The  Peshitto  Syriac  New  Testament,  as  issued  by  the  American 
Bible  Society.    1874.    pp.  637, 15  X  12.    $50. 

A  critical  ed.  of  the  Syriac  Gospels  is  in  preparation  by  G.  H.  Gwilliam. 

Heyne,  Moritz  :  F.  L.  Stamm's  Ulfilas,  oder  die  uns  erhaltenen  Denkma- 
ler  der  gothischen  Sprache.  Text,  Worterbuch,  und  Grammatik.  7th  ed. 
Paderborn.  1878.  pp.  476,  21  X  14.  $2.50.  Very  neat  is  the  ed.  of  E. 
Bernhardt  (1884),  followed  by  a  grammar  (1885). 

"Wordsworth,  John,  and  White,  H.  J. :  Novum  Test.  .  .  .  secundum 
editionem  S.  Hieronymi.  The  only  critical  ed.  Two  Parts  (Mt,  Mk.,  20s.) 
have  appeared  (1889  sq.).  A  convenient  ed,  (of  the  Roman  text)  by  A.  C. 
Pillion,  pp.  1366.  23  X  15.  Paris.  1887.  Useful  manuals  are  Theile 
and  Stier's  Nov.  Test.  Tetraglotton  (Gr.,  Lat,  Germ.,  Eng.) ;  especially  — 

Tischendorf's  Nov.  Test.  Lat.  (from  hisTriglott).  pp.  930,  14  X  8.  SM. 


2.    Modern  Translations. 

See  "  Dutch,"  "  English,"  "  French,"  "  German,"  etc.,  versions  in  the  Index 
of  Reuss's  History,  etc.  (see  p.  56  above),  and  in  Alexander's  edition  of 
KiTTo's  Cyclopsedia  of  Biblical  Literature  (see  p.  44) ;  cf.  also  "  Versions  " 
in  Smith  and  in  Schaff-Herzog. 

Special  mention  may  be  made  of  recent  "  Revisions,"  namely,  in  Dutch  : 
Het  Nieuwe  Testament,  van  wegede  Algemeene  Synode  der  Nederlandsche 
Hervormde  Kerk  op  nieuw  uit  den  Grondtekst  overgezet,  en  van  inleidingen, 
inhoudsopgaven,  gelijkluidende  plaatsen  en  aanteekeningen  voorzien.  De 
Nederlandsche  Bijbel-Compagnie.  .  .  .  1868.  pp.  575,  28  X  18.  $6.00;  in 
German:  Die  Bibel  .  .  .  nach  der  deutschen  Uebersetzung  D.  Martin 
Luthers.  Im  Auftrage  der  Deutschen  evang.  Kirchenkonferenz  durch- 
gesehene  Ausgabe.    Halle.    1892.    21  X  15.    3.25  M. 

Exegetically  serviceable  is  the  German  translation  by  De  Wette  (3d  ed. 
1839),  which  will  be  superseded  by  the  transl.  by  Kautzsch,  al.,  now  appear- 
ing. Valuable  is  the  N.  T.  by  Weizsacker,  5th  ed.  1892.  M.  3.60.  French 
translations  of  note  are  by  Rilliet  (1862,  2  vols.),  Oltramare  (1873),  Segond 
(1880),  Stapfer  (1889). 


64  LIST  OF  BOOKS 

3.  The  English  Bible.    Editions. 
The  Holy  Bible,  an  exact  reprint,  page  for  page,  of  [the  2d  of  the  two 
editions  (cf.  Dr.  Gilman  in  Bibliotheca  Sacra  for  January  1859)]  the  Auth- 
orized Version  published  in  the  year  1611.    Oxford.  1833.  $5.25. 

The  Cambridge  Paragraph  Bible,  etc.,  by  Rev.  F.  H.  A.  Sckivenee. 
1873.  $6.00.  —  The  only  critical  edition  of  the  Autliorized  Version.  The  very 
valuable  "Critical  Introduction"  (indispensable  for  the  study  of  the  inter- 
nal history  of  our  version)  has  been  reprinted  separately  under  the  title, 
"The  Authorized  Edition  of  the  English  Bible  (1611),  its  subsequent 
Eeprints  and  modern  Representatives,  by  F.  H.  A.  Scbivenek."  Cambridge. 
1884.  pp.  312,  20  X  14.  $2.25. 

Bagsters'  English  Hexapla.  32  X  25.  The  "  historical  account "  prefixed 
to  the  1st  issue,  1841,  was  written  by  S.  P.  Tregelles  and  is  of  special 
value  ;  superseded  in  later  issues  by  an  inferior  account  ascribed  to  Chris- 
topher Anderson. 

Eminent  among  manual  editions  is  "  The  Variorum  Bible  for  Bible 
Teachers  "  edited  by  T.  K.  Cheynb,  S.  R.  Driver,  R.  L.  Clarke,  Alfred 
Goodwin,  W.  Sanday  ;  it  gives  in  the  footnotes  *'  Various  Renderings  and 
Readings  from  the  Best  Authorities  "  (more  than  four  score  authorities  are 
occasionally  cited  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  even  a  larger  number  in  the 
New),  and  with  it  is  incorporated  **  The  Queen's  Printers'  Aids  to  the  Stu- 
dent of  the  Holy  Bible  "  (summary  essays  by  more  than  a  dozen  experts  on 
Biblical  natural  history,  archaeology,  chronology,  history,  etc.)  together  with 
Concordances  and  Maps.  London,  Edinburgh,  and  New  York.  1880.  20  X 16. 

A  new  and  revised  edition  of  the  above,  in  larger  type  and  with  added 
references,  appeared  ( without  date)  in  1889.   24  X  17.   In  plain  leather,  $6,00. 

A  kindred  ed.  of  the  Apocrypha  has  been  edited  by  C.  J.  Ball.  pp.  viii., 
276.    Lond.    1892.    6s.  Qd. 

Its  History. 

"Westcott,  B.  F. :  A  general  View  of  the  History  of  the  English  Bible. 
2d  ed.    London.    1872.    pp.  427,  20  X  14.    10s.  6d.    New  ed.  in  preparation. 

Eadie,  John :  The  English  Bible  :  an  external  and  critical  History  of 
the  various  English  Translations  of  Scripture,  with  Remarks  on  the  need 
of  revising  the  English  New  Testament.  2  vols.  pp.  440,  504,  23  X  15. 
London.  1876.  28s.  —  Less  scholarly  and  accurate  than  Westcott,  but 
interesting  and  valuable. 

Moulton,  W.  F. :  The  History  of  the  English  Bible  (Cassell,  etc.  1878. 
pp.  232, 19  X  13).    Composed  of  articles  which  appeared  in  the  "  Bible  Edu- 


FOB  STUDENTS  OP  THE  NEWs^fflE^^jaSWP,  65 


cator  "  (cf.  p.  61) ;  gives  results  of  original  study,  particularly  comparisons 
of  selected  passages  in  the  several  versions. 

Dore,  J.  R. :  Old  Bibles  :  an  account  of  the  early  Versions  of  the  English 
Bible.  2d  ed.  London.  1888.  pp.  395, 20  X 16.  6s.    Hyper-churchly. 

Mombert,  J.  I. :  A  Handbook  of  the  English  Versions  of  the  Bible,  with 
copious  examples  illustrating  the  ancestry  and  relationship  of  the  several 
versions,  and  comparative  tables,  etc.  New  York.  1883.  pp.  509,  21  X 15. 
$2.25. 

Invaluable  for  the  study  of  the  English  of  the  Authorized  Version  is  — 

"Wright,  W.  Aldis :  The  Bible  Word-Book,  a  Glossary  of  Archaic  Words 
and  Phrases  in  the  Authorized  Version  of  the  Bible  and  the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer.    2d  ed.  revised  and  enlarged.  1884.  pp.  680,  19  X  13.  7s.  Qd. 

A  comparison  of  the  version  of  1611  with  the  revision  of  1881  is  made 
easy  by  — 

The  Parallel  NeTV  Testament,  Greek  and  English  (giving  the  Greek 
Text  followed  by  the  Revisers).     Oxford.  1882.  pp.  1096,  22  X  15.  12s.  6c?. 

4.   The  Revised  New  Testament  of  1881. 

The  ablest  exhibition  of  the  necessity  and  proper  nature  of  a  revision  of 
the  Authorized  Version  is  — 

Lightfoot,  J.  B. :  On  a  Fresh  Revision  of  the  English  New  Testament 
(1871;  3d  ed.  1891.  7s.  6d.)  reprinted,  together  with  the  similar  work  of 
Ellicott  (1870)  and  the  earlier  work  of  Trench  (1859),  in  one  vol.  by 
ScHAFF.    New  York.    1873.    pp.  618,  21  X  15.    $3.00. 

A  catalogue  of  attempts  at  revision  and  re-translation  is  given  by  E.  W. 
GiLMAN  in  Amer.  Bible  Society's  "  Record,"  Aug.  1883  on. 

See  Schaff's  "  Companion,"  etc.    ch.  viii. 

A  very  convenient  edition  of  the  Revised  Version  is  the  so-called  "  Dia- 
critical Edition,"  by  Rufus  Wendell,  which  gives  at  the  bottom  of  the 
page  the  variations  of  the  Authorized  Version,  pp.  xx.,  886,  xiv.,  276,  25 
X  17.  $5.00.  Concordances  to  the  Revised  N.  T. :  Appleton,  N.  Y.  1882 ; 
Scribners.    1883. 


Interpretation  of  the  New  Testament  Writings. 
Its   History. 

Parrar,  F.  W. :  Bampton  Lectures  for  1885.  pp.  553,  22  X  15.  16s.  To 
it  an  ill-digested  and  rather  indiscriminate  but  useful  bibliography  is  ap- 
pended, pp.  479-491. 


66  LIST   OF   BOOKS 

Terry,  Milton  S.,  devotes  Pt.  iii.,  pp.  603-738,  of  his  Hermeneutics  (New 
York.  1883.  pp.  781,  24  X  16.  $4,00)  to  a  history  of  interpretation,  and  gives 
(pp.  739-752)  an  alphabetical  Bibliography. 

The  careful  earlier  history  by  H.  N.  Klausen  in  his  Hermeneutik  des 
N.  Ts  (aus  dera  Danischen  iibersetzt.  Leipzig.  1841),  pp.  77-337,  is  freely 
reproduced  by  S.  Davidson  in  his  Sacred  Hermeneutics  (Edinburgh.  1843. 
pp.  747,  23  X 15)  p.  70  sqq. 

Hermeneutics:  the  Science. 

Besides  the  work  of  Terey  (see  above),  which  is  a  ixiya  0i$\iov,  one  of 
the  most  valuable  recent  books  is  — 

Immer,  A. :  Hermeneutik  des  Neuen  Testamentes  (Wittenberg.  1873). 
Indifferently  translated  (with  many  crude  additions  in  notes)  by  Albert 
H.  Newman.    Andover.  1877.  pp.  395,  21  X  14.  $1.75. 

Celldrier,  J.  E. :  Manuel  d'Herme'neutique  Biblique  (Geneva.  1852.  8vo.) 
is  one  of  the  most  elaborate  (an  extended  outline  of  it  is  given  in  Weidneb's 
Theol.  EncycL,  Pt.  i.  pp.  123-155).  It  has  been  reproduced  in  a  truncated 
form  by  Elliott  and  Harsha.    New  York.  1881. 

Fairbaim,  P. :  Hermeneutical  Manual  or  Introduction  to  the  Exegetical 
Study  of  the  New  Testament.  Edinburgh.  1858.  10s.  Qd.  Philadelphia. 
1859.  pp.  526,  21  X  14.  Part  Second  (pp.  205-389)  comprises  various  dis- 
sertations on  The  Genealogies,  Angels,  Names  of  Christ,  etc. ;  and  Part 
Third  (pp.  393-503)  treats  of  the  use  made  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the 
New. 

Much  good  sense  may  be  found  in  Herbert  Marsh's  Lects.  on  the  Grit, 
and  Interp.  of  the  Bible  (new  ed.  Lond.  1838) ;  Briggs,  C.  A.,  Biblical  Study 
(N.  Y.  1883  sq.),  ch.  x. ;  Doedes,  J.  J. :  Hermen.  of  the  N.  T.  (Edinb.    1867). 

Among  older  books  those  of  Lutz  (2d  ed.  1861),  Wilke  (2  vols.  1843- 
1844),  Schleieemacheb  (printed  from  MS.  notes  by  Lucre,  1838),  and 
even  Griesbach  (similarly  but  less  satisfactorily  reproduced  by  Steineb, 
1815),  are  still  worth  consulting. 

There  is  need  of  a  clear,  brief,  sensible  Manual. 

Exegesis  :  the  Art. 
Illustrative  Works. 
Illustrative  matter  from  Jewish  Sources. 
Lightfoot,  John  :  Horae  Hebraicae  et  Talmudicae,  etc.    Essays  and  illus- 
trations on  topics  and  passages  chiefly  from  the  historical  books.     (1675  on. 
Also  translated  into  English  both  in  his  complete  works,  ed.  Pitman,  13 
vols.  1822-1826 ;  and  the  Horae  newly  edited  by  R.  Gandell.  1859.  4  vols. 
£1,  Is.) 


FOR   STUDENTS   OF   THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  67 

Schoettgen,  Christ. :  Horae  Hebr.  et  Talmud.  On  the  whole  New  Tes- 
tament. 2  vols.  Dresden  and  Leipzig.  1733-1742.  pp.  1280,  996;  22  X  18. 
$20.00(7).  Vol.  ii.  is  mainly  devoted  to  the  Jewish  doctrine  respecting  the 
Messiah,  and  was  substantially  reproduced  in  German  with  the  title  "  Jesus, 
der  walire  Messias."  1748.  —  Often  uncritical. 

Meuschen,  J.  G. :  Nov.  Test,  ex  Talmude  et  antiquitt  Hebraeorum 
illustratum  —  comprising  also  essays  by  Schjbid,  Danz,  Bhenfebd,  etc. 
1736.  pp.  1216,  22  X  18. 

■Wunsche,  Aug. :  Neue  Beitrage  zur  Erlauterung  der  Evangelien  aus 
Talmud  und  Midrasch.    Gottingen.  1878.  pp.  566,  23  X  15.    11  M. 

Langen,  J. :  Das  Judenthum  in  Palastina  zur  Zeit  Christi  (1866)  gives 
an  exposition  of  Jewish  Theology. 

"Weber,  F. :  System  der  altsynagogalen  Palastinischen  Theologie  u.  s.  w. 
Leipzig.  1880.  pp.  xxxiv.,  400,  22  X  15.  7  M.  —  Valuable. 

Bertholdt,  L. :  De  Christologia  Judaeorum  Jesu  apostolorumque  aetata. 
Erlangen.  1811.  pp.  xx.,  228, 19  X  12.  §1.00.  (?)  —  Not  yet  quite  superseded. 

Drummond,  J. :  The  Jewish  Messiah.  London.  1877.  pp.  395,  23  X 16. 
A  list  of  books  is  appended. 

Riehm,  E. :  Die  Messianische  Weissagung,  ihre  Entstehung,  ihr  zeit- 
geschichtlicher  Charakter,  und  ihr  Verhaltniss  zu  der  neutestamentlichen 
Erfullung.  2te  Aufl.  Gotha.  1885.  pp.  233,  22  X  14.  4  M.  English  trans, 
of  1st  ed.  by  J.  Jefferson.    Edinburgh.  1875.  5s. 

Stanton,  V.  H. :  The  Jewish  and  the  Christian  Messiah.  Edinburgh. 
1886.  23  X  15.  pp.  399.  10s.  6c?.  — Brief  but  good  bibliography  prefixed. 

Dalman,  G.  H. :  Der  leidende  und  sterbende  Messias  der  Synagoge  im 
ersten  nachchristlichen  Jahrtausend  (Schriften  des  Listitutum  Judaicum, 
No.  4).  Berlin,  1888.  pp.  100.  2  M. 

See  the  copious  and  discriminating  references  appended  to  the  article 
"  Messiah  "  in  Hackett  and  Abbot's  Smith. 

Drummond,  J. :  Philo  Judaeus,  or  the  Jewish- Alexandrian  Philosophy 
in  its  Development  and  Completion.  2  vols.  pp.  359,  355,  23  X  16.  $6.00. 
London.  1888. 

From  Profane  Sources. 

Spiess,  Edmund :  Logos  Spermaticos,  etc.  (parallels  to  the  New  Testa* 
ment  from  ancient  Greek  writers).  Leipzig.  1871.  pp.  Ixiii.,  505, 24  X 16.  9M. 

A  store  of  matter  illustrative  of  both  language  and  thought  from  both 
Jewish  and  Gentile  writers  is  to  be  found  in  — 

Wetstein,  J.  J.:  Novum  Testamentum,  etc.,  2  vols,  folio.  1751-1762. 
125.00  (1). , 


68  list  op  books 

Commentaries. 
On  the  Whole  New  Testament. 

Meyer,  H.  A.  W.  (with  associates):  Kritisch  exegetischer  Kommentar 
iiber  das  Neue  Testament.  Since  the  editor's  death  its  successive  editions 
have  been  supervised  by  Prof.  B.  Weiss.  Among  recent  issues  are  Mat- 
THADS-EvANGELiDM.  8te  Aufl.  pp.  Iv.,  500.  Gottingcn.  1890.  1  M.; 
Markds  u.  LuKAS.  Ste  Aufl.  pp.  iv.,666.  1892.  9.60  J/. ;  Evangelidm 
DES  Johannes,  ed.  Weiss.  7te  Aufl.  1886;  Apostelgeschichte.  ed. 
H.  H.  Wendt.  7te  Aufl.  1888.  pp.  vi.,  564.  7.40  M. ;  Romekbrief.  ed.  [ 
Weiss.  8te  Aufl.  pp.  667.  1891;  Korintherbriefe.  ed.  C.  F.  G- 
Heinrici.  7te  Aufl.  1888-90;  Philip.,  Kolos.,  Philem.  ed.  A.  H. 
Fbanke,  5te  Aufl.  1886;  Gal.  ed.  Sieffert.  7te  Aufl.  1886;  Ephes. 
ed.  Woldemar  Schmidt.  6te  Aufl.  1886;  Jakobusbrief.  5te  Aufl. 
ed.  Beyschlag.  1888.  pp.  viii.,  240.  3.40  M. ;  Petbusbriefe  und  Judas, 
5te  Aufl.  E.  KiJHL.  pp.  vi.,  442.  1887 ;  Hebraerbrief.  ed.  Lunemann. 
4te  Aufl.  1878.  (or  ed.  Weiss.  1888) ;  Briefe  des  Apostels  Johannes. 
5te  Aufl.  by  Weiss,  pp.  211.  1888  ;  Briefe  an  Tim.  und  Titus,  ed. 
HuTHER.  4te  Aufl.  1876.  (or  1885.  ed.  Weiss);  Offenbarung.  4te 
Aufl.  '87. 

But  a  new  edition  of  some  part  of  this  Handbook  appears  almost  every 
three  months.  The  complete  set  of  17  vols,  is  offered  often  by  the  publish- 
ers (Vandenhoeck  and  Ruprecht  of  Gottingen)  for  70  M.  —  Half-bound  in 
leather,  94  AL  The  American  reprint  (Funk  and  Wagnalls,  New  York)  of 
the  English  translation  (Clarks,  Edinburgh)  is  emended,  and  enriched  (espe- 
cially the  volumes  edited  by  President  D wight)  with  valuable  additions. 

DeWette,  W,  M.  L. :  Kurzgefasstes  exegetisches  Handbuch  zum  Neuen 
Testament  (3  vols,  re-edited  after  the  author's  death  by  Messner,  Bruck- 
ner, al.) ;  is  still  of  value,  particularly  in  the  Epistles. 

Alford,  Henry:  The  Greek  Testament,  etc.,  for  the  use  of  theological 
students  and  ministers.  4  vols.  (vol.  i.  6th  ed.  £1  8s. ;  vol.  ii.  6th  ed. 
£1  4s.;  vol.  iii.  5th  ed.  18s.;  vol.  iv.  4th  ed.  £1  12s.) 

Holtzman,  H.  J.,  Lipsius,  R.  A.,  Schmiedel,  P.  W.,  Soden,  H.  von : 
Hand-Commentar  zum  Neuen  Testament.  4  vols.  25X17.  1891.  27.50  3/. 
Second  ed.  appearing.  Aims  to  give  a  clear  and  brief  summary  of  exegeti- 
cal  results. 

Of  a  more  general  and  popular  character  are  — 

The  New  Testament  Commentary  for  English  Readers  by  various 
Writers.  Edited  by  Bishop  Ellicott.  3  vols.  London  and  New  York. 
1878  on.    28X21.    $12.00  (?). 

The  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools,  by  J.  J.  S.  Perowne,  as  general 
editor.    Cambr.  and  Lend.    17  X  12.    Eng.  text.    Each  book  separately. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OP  THE   NEW   TESTAMENT.  69 

The  Popular  Commentary,  edited  by  Philip  Schaff.  4  vols.  New 
York  and  Edinburgh.    1879  on.    26  X  18.    Also  in  parts. 

On  Groups  op  New  Testament  Books. 

Gospels. 

Keil,  C.  F. :  Matthew,  1  vol.  1877.  pp.  621,  23  X  15.  11  M. ;  Mark  and 
Luke,  1  vol.  1879.  pp.  501.  8  M. ;  John,  1  vol.  1881.    pp.  604.    11  M. 

McClellan,  J.  B. :  The  New  Testament,  etc.  (vol.  i.  [as  yet  alone].  Lon- 
don. 1875.  pp.  xciii.,  763,  23  X  15.  $10.00) ;  contains  valuable  material  in 
its  marginal  notes  and  appended  dissertations. 

Bleek,  F  (posthumously)  :  Synoptische  Erklarung  der  drei  ersten  Evan- 
gelien.  2  vols.  1862.  pp.  540, 524,  23  X  15.  18  M.  —  Somewhat  antiquated 
and  meagre,  yet  exhibits  the  author's  characteristic  candor  and  good  sense. 

Fritzsche,  C.  F.  A. ;  Quatuor  N.  T.  Evangelia  recensuit  et  cum  com- 
mentariis  perpetuis  edidit.  Only  two  vols.  (Matthew.  Leipzig.  1826.  pp. 
xxiv.,  872,  21  X  14,  and  Mark.  Leipzig.  1830.  xlviii,  805)  appeared ;  still 
valuable  for  their  philology.    (Can  be  picked  up  at  6  M.) 

Epistles. 

Lightfoot,  J.  B.:  Galatians  (10th  ed.  1890.  12s.),  Philippians  (9tli  ed. 
1886.  12s.),  Colossians  and  Philemon  (9th  ed.  1890.    12s.). 

Ellicott,  C.  J.:  Galatians  (8s.) ;  Ephesians  (8s.) ;  Philippians,  Colossians, 
and  Philemon  (10s.  Qd.) ;  I  and  2  Thessalonians  (7s.  6d.);  Pastoral  Epistles 
(10s.  6d.) ;  1  Corinthians  (16s.).  All  reprinted  at  Andover,  at  from  $1.25  to 
$1.75  a  vol. 

Oltramare,  H. :  Comm.  (in  French)  on  Rom.  2  vols.  1881-2.  pp.530, 
627, 15  X  23 ;  on  Col.,  Eph.,  and  Philem.  3  vols.  1892.  pp.  466,  417,  467. 
(19 /rcs.l). 

Beet,  Joseph  Agar :  Romans  (6th  ed.  London.  1887.  7s.  6c/.),  Corin- 
thians (5th  ed.  16s.  6rf.),  Galatians  (3d  ed.  5s.),  on  Eph.,  Philip.,  Col.,  and 
Philem.  (1891.  7s.  6c?.),  —  designed  mainly  for  English  readers,  but 
scholarly,  candid,  sensible. 

The  Pastoral  Epistles. 

Weiss,  B.:  in  Meter  (see  p.  68)  pp.  400,  23  X  15.  — An  independent 
work. 

Holtzmann,  H.  J. :  Die  Pastoralbrief e  u.  s.  w.  Leipzig.  1880.  pp.  xii., 
504,  24  X  16.    8  M.  —Elaborate. 

Epistles  of  Peter  and  Jude. 

Keil,  C.  F. :  Leipzig.    1883.    pp.  337,  23  X  14.    7  If. 

Epistles  of  Peter, 

Usteri,  J.  M. :  Comm.    (1887  sq.) 


70 


LIST   OF  BOOKS 


Epistles  of  John. 
"Westcott,  B.  F. :  2d  ed.  revised.  London.  1886.  23  X 15.  12s.  6d.  Meteb, 
as  re-edited  by  Weiss.  1888.    (See  p.  68.) 

On  Individual  Books  (or  Writers). 
N.  B.   The  commentaries  upon  individual  books  are  by  no  means  always 
superior  to  those  forming  part  of  works  upon  the  whole  New  Testament, 
such  as  Meyer's  (p.  68). 

Writings  of  John : 

Liicke,  F. :  *  Coramentar  iiber  die  Schrif ten  des  Evangelisten  Johannes 
(Gospel,  2  vols.  3d  ed.  1840-1843 ;  Epistles,  3d  ed.  edited  by  E.  Bertheau, 
1  vol.  1856, 6  M.) ;  also  Versuch  einer  vollstandigen  Einleitung  in  die  OfEenba- 
rung  des  Johannes,  oder  AUgenieine  Untersuchungen  iiber  die  apokalyptische 
Litteratur  iiberhaupt  und  die  Apokalypse  des  Johannes  ins  besondere.  2d 
ed.  2  vols.  Bonn.  1852.  16  M. 

Matthew. 

Broadus,  J.  A. :  (American  Baptist  Publishing  Society;  without  date, 
but  in  1887).  —  Especially  valuable. 

Morison,  James  :  7th  ed.  London.  1890.  14s.  —  Learned  and  racy. 

Meyer's  Matthew  has  undergone  complete  reconstruction  by  Weiss  in 
the  8th  ed.    (See  p.  68.) 

Mark. 

Morison,  James  :  6th  ed.    London.  1889.  pp.  Ixxx.,  546.  23  X  15.  12s. 

Alexander,  Jos.  Addison  :  3d  ed.  New  York.  1863.  pp.  xxiii.,  444.  20 
X  14.  —  On  the  English  text,  but  valuable. 

Luke. 

Godet,  F. :  in  French,  troisieme  edition.  Neuchatel.  1888-1889.  pp.  vii., 
623,  625.  2  vols.  22  X  14.  English  translation  of  the  2d  edition  by  E.  W. 
Shaldbrs.    Edinburgh.    4th  ed.    1881.    21s. 

Hahn,  G.  L. :  Band  i.    Breslau.    1892.    8  M. 

Farrar,  Frederic  W. :  1880.  pp.  392, 17  X  12.  4s.  6d.  (Eng.  text;  seep.  68). 

John. 

Godet,  F. :  3d  French  ed.  1881-1885.  3  vols.  English  translation  with 
additions  by  Timothy  D wight  (Funk  and  Wagnalls.    1886.    2  vols.). 

Westcott,  B.  F. :  in  the  "  Speaker's  Commentary."  Also  separately. 
10s.  6d.  ^ 

Luthardt,  C.  E. :  2d  ed.   2  vols.    1875-6.    Eng.  trans.    3  vols.    Edin. 


FOR   STUDENTS   OF   THE   NEW  TESTAMENT. 


71 


Cf.  Lucre  (on  p.  70),  Steinmeter  (on  p.  58). 

Plummer,  A.:  The  Gospel  according  to  S.  John,  with  Maps,  Notes, 
and  Introduction.  1882.  pp.  Ixiv.,  380,  17  X  12.  6s.  (A  volume  of  the  "  Cam- 
bridge Greek  Testament  for  Schools.") 

Acts. 

Hackett,  H.  B. :  "  New  Edition,"  etc.  Boston.  1863.  Posthumous  edi- 
tion edited  by  Alvah  Hovet  (in  consultation  with  Ezba  Abbot).  Phila- 
delphia. 1882.  pp.  345. 

Schmidt,  Karl :  Die  Apostelgeschichte  unter  dem  Hauptgesichtspunkte 
ihrer  Glaubwiirdigkeit  kritisch-exegetisch  bearbeitet.  Bd.  I.  Erlangen. 
1882.  pp.  537.  8  M. 

Lumby,  J.  Rawson :  1882.  4s.  6d.  (A  volume  of  the  "  Cambridge  Bible 
for  Schools,"  see  p.  68.)     On  the  English  text. 

Spitta,  F. :  Die  Apostelgeschichte,  ihre  Quellen  u.  s.  w.  Halle,  pp.  xi.  380. 
8  M. 

Romans. 

Pritzsche,  C.  F.  A. :  in  Latin.  3  vols.  1836-1843.  Published  at  21  M., 
but  can  be  picked  up  at  6  If. ;  valuable  for  philology  mainly. 

Godet,  F. :  2e  edition.  2  vols.  Neuchatel.  1890.  21  X  14.  10  francs 
each.    English  translation  of  1st  ed.    Edinburgh.    1881.    2  vols.    21s. 

Vaughan,  C.  J. :  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  with  Notes.  (West- 
COTT  and  Hort's  text.)  7th  ed.  London.  1890.  20  X  U.  7s.  6</.  Brief, 
but  compact  and  clear ;  esp.  valuable  for  its  parallels  from  Bib.  Greek. 

Otto,  V.  W. :  Kommentar  u.  s.  w.  2  vols.  pp.  463,  602.  Glauchau. 
1886.    18  3f. 

Corinthians. 

Heinrici,  C.  F.  Georg:  Das  erste  Sendschreiben.  Berlin.  1880;  Das 
zweite  Sendschreiben.  Berlin.  1887.  pp.  606,  23  X  15.  Each  10  M. 

Grodet,  F. :  On  the  First  Epistle.  English  translation.  Edinburgh.  2  vols. 
21s. 

Edwards,  Thos.  Chas. :  On  the  First  Epistle.  2d  ed.  1886.  (New  York. 
Armstrong  and  Son.)     14s. 

Stanley,  A.  P. :  The  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Corinthians,  with  criti- 
cal Notes  and  Dissertations.  London.  (Murray.)  5th  ed.  1882.  pp.  598,  23 
X15.  18s. 

Robertson,  F.  W. :  Expository  Lectures.  Am.  ed.  Boston.  1870.  pp.  425. 

Galatians. 
"Wieseler,  Karl :  Commentar  iiber  den  Brief  Pauli  an  die  Galater  mit 
besonderer  Riicksicht  auf  die  Lehre  und  Geschichte  des  Apostels ;  mit  einem 


72  LIST  OP  BOOKS 

chronologischen  xind  einem  textkritischen  Excurse.  Gottingen.  1859.  pp.  612, 
22  X  14.  8  M. 

Philippi,  F.  A. :  Erklarung  des  Briefes  Pauli  an  die  Galater.  (Posthu- 
mous, edited  by  his  son  F.  Philippi.)  Giitersloh.  1884.  pp.  214,  20  X  14. 
3.50  M. 

Ephesians, 

Macpherson,  John :  Edin.  1892.    10s.  6d. 

Klopper,  Alb.:  Gottingen.    1891.    pp.  201,  15  X  22.    4.50  M. 

Bleek,  Fr. :  Vorlesungen  u.  Kol.,  Philem.  u.  Eph.    1865.    pp.  308.  4.60  M. 

Harless,  G.  C.  Adolph  v. :  Commentar  iiber  den  Brief  Pauli  an  die 
Ephesier.    2te  Aufl.     Stuttgart.     1858.    pp.  574,  21  X  14.    8  M. 

Eadie,  John  :  Dr.  Eadie's  Commentaries,  though  elaborate,  are  neither 
quite  exact  philologically  nor  dispassionate  doctrinally. 

Philippians. 

"Weiss,  B. :  Der  Philipperbrief,  ausgelegt  und  die  Geschichte  seiner  Aus- 
legung  kritisch  dargestellt.   Berlin,  1859.   5.40  M. 

Soden,  H.  v. :  Der  Brief  des  Apostels  Paulus  an  die  Philipper.  Freiburg. 
1889.  pp.  vii.,  98.  1  M. 

Eadie,  John  :  Commentary  on  the  Greek  Text  of  the  Epistle  of  Paul  to 
the  Philippians.    2d  ed.  1886.  pp.  296.  (See  under  " Ephesians.") 

Colossians. 

Klopper,  Alb. :  Der  Brief  an  d.  Colosser  kritisch  untersucht  und  in 
seinem  Verhaltnisse  zum  Paulinischen  LehrbegrifE  exegetisch  imd  biblisch- 
theologisch  erortert.  Berlin.  1882.  pp.  553.  10  M. 

Eadie,  John :  2d  ed.  1884.  pp.  302.    (See  under  "  Ephesians.") 
Thessalonians. 

Schmid,  P. :  Der  erste  Thessalonischerbrief  neu  erklart.  . . .  Nebst  einem 
Excurs  iiber  den  zweiten  gleichnamigen  Brief.    Berlin.  1885. 

1  and  2  Timothy,  Titus,  Philemon. 

Both  KoELLiNG,  H.  (der  erste  Brief  Pauli  an  Tim.  u.  s.  w.  1882  sq.,  an 
elaborate  work)  and  Lemme,  L.  (das  echte  Ermahnungsschreiben  des  Paulus 
an  Tim.  1882.  pp.  88)  defend  the  Pauline  authorship — the  latter,  however, 
with  grave  qualifications.  Cf.  Hesse,  F.  H.  (1889,  6  i/.) ;  Knoke,  K.  (2  Pta. 
1887-89.) 

ffebrews. 

Weiss,  Bemhard :  Kritisch  Exegetisches  Handbuch  uber  den  Brief  an 
die  Hebraer.  Gottingen.  1888.  pp.  369,  22  X  15.  Issued  as  an  alternate 
with  Lunemann's  in  Meter  ;  see  p.  68  above. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OP    THE  NEW   TESTAMENT.  73 

Weatcott,  B.  F. :  The  Greek  Text  with  Notes  and  Essays.  2d  ed.  1892. 
pp.  Ixxxiv.,  504,  23  X  14.    14s.  —  Various  and  valuable  discussions. 

Vaughan,  C.  J. :  pp.  340.    1890.    7s.  &d.    Akin  to  his  Romans,  q.  v. 

Kurtz,  J.  H. :  Mitau.    1869.   pp.  436,  22  X  14.    8  M. 

Keil,  Carl  Friedrich  :  Commentar  iiber  den  Brief  an  die  Hebraer.  Leip- 
zig. 1885.  pp.  420,  23  X  15.  8  M.    (See  p.  69  above.) 

Bleak,  Friedrich  :  Der  Brief  an  die  Hebraer  erlautert  durch  Einleitung, 
Uebersetzung  und  fortlaufenden  Commentar.  Berlin.  (Einleitung.  1828. 
pp.  480 ;  Commentar,  vol.  i.  1836.  pp.  592 ;  vol.  ii.  1840.  pp.  1052.  Procurable 
at  times  for  10  M.  or  less.  A  thesaurus.)  A  briefer  and  later  exposition  hy 
Bleek  was  edited  (posthumously)  by  K.  A.  Windbath.  Elberfeld.  1868. 
pp.  512.  23  X  15.  8  M. 

Delitzsch,  Franz  :  Commentar  zum  Briefe  an  die  Hebraer,  mit  archao- 
logischen  und  dogmatischen  Excursen  iiber  das  Opfer  und  die  Versohnung. 
Leipzig.  1857.  pp.  770.  English  translation  by  T.  L.  Kingsbuby.  2  vols. 
Edmburgh.  1868-1870.    21s. 

Davidson,  A.  B.  ("Handbook  Series,"  2s.  6d.)  —  Cf.  Bibl.  Theol. 
p.  83  below. 

James. 

Mayor,  Joseph  B. :  The  Ep.  of  St.  James.    Grk.  text,  with  Introd.,  Notes, 
and  Comments.    Macmillans.    1892.    pp.  ccxx.  248,  23  X  15.    10s. 
Plumptare,  E.  H. :  pp.  107.    Is.  6d.    (On  the  English  text    See  p.  68.) 

Peter. 

Usteri,  J.  M. :  Wissensch.  u.  Prakt  Com.  in  d.  ersten  Petrusbrief.  1887- 
1889.    2  vols.    Zurich. 

Johnstone,  Robert:  The  First  Epistle  of  Peter:  Revised  Text,  with 
Introduction  and  Commentary.    Edinburgh.    1888.    pp.  417.    10s.  6c?. 

Spitta,  Fr. :  Der  zweite  Brief  des  Petrus  u.  der  Brief  des  Judas.  Eine 
geschichtliche  Untersuchung.    Halle.    1885.   9  M.  —  Defensive. 

Epistles  of  John. 
(See  Westcott  on  p.  70;  Ltj'cke  on  p.  70.) 

Haupt.  Erich :  Der  erste  Brief  des  Johannes.  Beitrag  zu  bibl.  Theol. 
1869.  English  translation  by  W.  B.  Pope.  Edinburgh.  1879.  pp.  385.  10s.  6d, 

Jude. 
See  p.  69.  Spitta  (see  Peter). 

Revelation. 
Kliefoth,  Th. :  Die  Offenbarung  des  Johannes.    Three  "parts"  or  vols. 
Leipzig.  1874.  pp.  272,  221,  354,  23  X  15.     16  M. 


74  LIST   OF   BOOKS 

Bleek,  Friedr. :  Vorlesungen  uber  die  Apokalypse.  Herausgegeben  von 
Th.  Hossbach.  Berlin.  1862.  pp.  386,  21  X  14.  6  M.  English  translation 
(Theological  Translation  Fund;  edited  by  S.  Davidson.  London.  1874. 
10s.  Qd. 

Elliot,  C.  B. :  Horae  Apocalypticae.  A  commentary  on  the  Apocalypse, 
critical  and  historical.    6th  ed.  4  vols.    London.  1862. 

Spitta :  Die  Offenbarung  des  Johannes  untersucht.  1889.  12  M. 

Stuart,  Moses  :  Commentary  on  the  Apocalypse.  2  vols.  Andover.  1845. 
24X15.  — Elaborate. 

Desprez,  Philip  S. :  John  or  the  Apocalypse  of  the  New  Testament. 
London.  1870.  pp.  293. 

Milligan,  William:  The  Revelation  of  St.  John.  London.  1886.  pp.343.  7s. 

Expository  lectures  on  this  book  which  deserve  attention  have  been  written 
by  F.  D.  Maurice  (London.  10s.  6c?.),  and  C.  J.  Vadghan  (3d  ed.  2  vols. 
London.  9s.). 

See  LiJCKE  above  under  "John,"  p.  70. 
.  N.  B.  On  recent  theories  respecting  the  unity  and  Jewish  origin  of  the 
book,  see  —  on  Vischer's  :  Gebhardt  und  Harnack,  Texte  und  Untersuch- 
ungen  u.  s.  w.  Bd.  ii.  Heft  3.  Leipzig.  1886.  pp.  1S7.  5  M. ;  Weizsacker,  Das 
apostolische  Zeitalter.  pp.  504-509;  Pfleiderer,  Das  Urchristenthum, 
p.  318  sq.  Per  contra,  Beyschlag  in  Studien  und  Kritiken  for  1888.  pp.  102 
-138;  Revue  de  Thistoire  des  Religions,  for  January  1889;  the  Expositor 
for  June  1887,  March  1889,  etc. ;  Salmon's  Introd.,  Lect.  xiv.  end ;  esp. 
HiLGENFELD  in  his  Zeitschrift  for  1890.  pp.  385-468.  For  a  good  re'sume, 
see  Holtzmann  in  the  "  Hand-Commentar,"  iv.  256  sq.  and  his  "  Einleitung," 
ed.  3,  p.  411  sq. ;  also  E.  C.  Moore  in  Journ.  of  Bibl.  Literature,  1891,  i. 

On  particular  Passages  or  Topics:  (seep.  81  sq.). 

Only  discussions  so  extended  as  to  form  a  volume  by  themselves  are 
enumerated. 

Tholuck,  August :  Die  Bergrede  Christi.  5te  verbesserte  Auflage.  Gotha. 
1872.  pp.  406.  English  transl.  of  4th  ed.  by  Brown.  Edinburgh.  1860. 
10s.  6d. — Exhaustive ;  abounds  in  references  and  quotations. 

Trench,  R.  C. :  The  Sermon  on  the  Mount.  An  Exposition  drawn  from 
the  writings  of  St.  Augustine,  etc.    4th  ed.  10s.  6d. 

Steinmeyer,  F.  L. :  Die  Rede  des  Herm  auf  dem  Berge  :  ein  Beitrag 
zur  Losurig  ihrer  Probleme.    Berlin.  1885.  pp.  156,  22  X  16.    2.25  M. 

Kamphausen,  A.  H.  H. :  Das  Gebet  des  Herm  erklart.  pp.  146.  1866. 


FOR   STUDENTS   OF  THE   NEW  TESTAMENT.  75 

Trench,  R.  C. :  Notes  on  the  Miracles  of  our  Lord.  13th  Am.  ed.  revised 
and  with  the  notes  translated.  1887.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  New  York.  $1.60. 
Enghsh  (12th  ed.)  12s. 

Bnice,  A.  B. :  The  Miraculous  Element  in  the  Gospels  (The  "Ely  Lec- 
tures"). New  York,  no  date.  pp.  391,  22  X  15.  $2.50. 

Trench,  R.  C. :  Notes  on  the  Parables  of  our  Lord.  14th  ed.  London, 
pp.  500.  12s.  American  editions  by  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  pp.  425.   1855  (?)  sq. 

Tbench's  works  are  still  a  thesaurus  of  references  and  materials. 

Jtilicher,  A. :  Die  Gleichnisreden  Jesu.  1888.  pp.  vi.,  296,  24  X  16.  Frei- 
burg. 6.60  M.  —  Valuable  ;  but  of  a  general  and  preliminary  character. 

Steinmeyer,  F.  L. :  Die  Parabeln  des  Herrn.  Berlin.  1884.  pp.  iv.,  183, 
23X15.  2.60  31. 

Bruce,  A.  B. :  The  Parabolic  Teaching  of  Christ.  A  systematic  and 
critical  Study  of  the  Parables  of  our  Lord.  Third  edition,  with  new  pref- 
ace.   London.  1889.  12s.  ;: 

Goebel,  S. :  Die  Parabeln  Jesu  methodisch  ausgelegt.  Gotha.  1884. 
pp.  viii.,  232.  10  M.  English  translation  by  Banks.  Edinburgh.  1883. 
10s.  6c/. 

Moris  on,  James  :  A  critical  Exposition  of  the  Third  Chapter  of  Paul's 
Epistle  to  the  Romans.  A  Monograph.  London  and  Glasgow,  1866.  pp.  422. 
12s.  6d.  —  One  of  the  most  elaborate  pieces  of  recent  Biblical  exposition. 

Morison,  James  :  Exposition  of  the  Ninth  Chapter  of  the  Epistle  to  the 
Romans.  A  new  edition,  re-written,  to  which  is  added  an  exposition  of  the 
Tenth  Chapter.    London.    1888.    pp.  257. 

Dietzsch,  A. :  Adam  und  Christus.  Rom.  v.  12-21.  Bonn.  1871.  pp. 
214,  23  X  14.    3  M. 

Weber,  V. :  Gesch.  der  Exegese  d.  9ten  Kap.  d.  Romerbriefes  bis  .  .  . 
Chrys.  u.  August.    Wiirzburg.    1889.    pp.  197,  22  X  15.    1.70  M. 

Beyschlag,  Willibald :  Die  Panlinische  Theodicee  Romer  ix,-xi.  Ein 
Beitrag  zur  biblischen  Theologie.  1868. 

Trench,  R.  C. :  Commentary  on  the  Epistles  to  the  Seven  Churches  in 
Asia.    Revelation  ii.,  iii.  3d  ed.  revised.  London,  pp.  243,  23  X  15.  85.  6d. 

EXEGETICAL   MISCELLANIES. 

Field,  F. :  Otium  Norvicense,  Pars  tertia.  Notes  on  Select  Passages  of 
the  Greek  Testament,  chiefly  with  reference  to  recent  English  Versions. 
Oxford.  1881.  pp.  155,  24  X  18.  —  Valuable. 


76  list  op  books 

Lives  of  Christ. 

Hase,  Karl :  Das  Leben  Jesu.  Lehrbuch  zunachst  iiir  akademische  Vor- 
lesungen.  5te  verbesserte  Aufl.  Leipzig.  1865.  pp.  284.  A  storehouse  of 
references  to  earlier  writers ;  indispensable  for  the  investigation  of  details. 
(Reproduced  —  but  shorn  of  its  bibliography  —  by  James  Fbeeman  Clarke. 
Boston.  1860.)  Also  recast,  with  selected  references,  in  his  Geschichte 
Jesu,  §§  1-21.  Leipzig.  1876.  pp.  612,  23  X  15.  8  M. 

Weiss,  Bemhard  :  Das  Leben  Jesu.  8d  ed.  2  vols.  1889.  18  M.  English 
trans,  (poor)  of  first  edition  by  M.  G.  Hope.  3  vols.  1884.  31s.  6d.  — 
Founded  on  his  theory  of  the  mutual  relations  of  the  Gospels  (as  set  forth  in 
his  Marcus-evangelium,  1872;  Matthausevangelium,  1876). 

Beyschlag,  Willibald :  Das  Leben  Jesu.  Erster  untersuchender  Theil. 
Halle.  1885 ;  zweiter  darstellender  TheiL  1886.  2te  Aufl.  1888.  18  M.  — 
Pictorial,  but  wavering  in  its  critical  views. 

Keim,  Tbeodor  :  Geschichte  Jesu  von  Nazara  in  ihrer  Verkettung  mit 
dem  Gesammtleben  seines  Volkes,  frei  untersucht  und  ausfiihrlich  erzahlt. 
3Bde.  22X15.  Zurich.  1867-1872.  English  translation  (Theological  Trans- 
lation Fund.)  6  vols.  1876-1881.  10s. 6c?.  each.  — Affluent  in  learning;  truth- 
fully described  by  its  title. 

Edersheim,  Alfred :  The  Life  and  Times  of  Jesus  the  Messiah.  2  vols. 
24  X  17.  4th  ed.  London  and  New  York.  1887.  §6.00.  — With  special  use  of 
illustrative  matter  from  Jewish  sources ;  yet  to  be  used  with  caution.  (An 
abridgment  in  1  vol.  1890.) 

Geikie,  Cunningham  :  The  Life  and  Words  of  Christ.    1877.    26  X  19. 
$8.00.    2  vols.  —  With  valuable  marginal  bibliographical  references. 
Farrar,  F.  W. :  Life  of  Christ.    2  vols.    Cheap  ed.     (1892.)    $L 

Andre-ws,  Samuel  J. :  The  Life  of  our  Lord  upon  the  Earth,  considered 
in  its  Historical,  Chronological,  and  Geographical  Relations.  Revised  ed. 
N.  Y.  1891.   pp.  xxvii.,  651.    22  X  16.    $2.50. 

Critiques  of  recent  works  may  be  found  in  G.  Uhlhorn,  Das  Leben  Jesu 
u.  8.  w.  4te  Aufl.  Stuttg.  1892.  2  M. ;  and  C.  E.  Luthabdt,  Die  modemen 
Darstellungen  des  Lebens  Jesu.  2te  Aufl.  1864.  Cf.  "Miscellaneous 
Topics,"  p.  86  sq. 

John  the  Baptist. 

K5hler,  H. :  Johannes  der  Taufer.  Kritisch-theolog.  Studie.  Halle.  1884. 
pp.  iii.,  180.    3.60  M. 

Breest,  E. :  Johannes  der  Taufer.  Biblische  Studie.  Leipzig.  1881.  pp.  v., 
140.  2.50  M. 


FOR   STUDENTS   OF  THE   NEW  TESTAMENT.  77 

Reynolds,  H.  R. :  John  tlie  Baptist.  The  Congregational  Union  Lec- 
ture for  1874.    London.  1874.  pp.  xxxvii.,  548,  22  X  16.  $5.00.    3d  ed.  6s. 

More  popular  works :  Houghton,  R.  C.  (New  York.  1889.  fl.50.) ; 
Stmminoton  (London.  1882). 

The  Apostles. 
Bruce,  A.  B. :  The  Training  of  the  Twelve ;  or,  Passages  out  of  the 
Gospels  exhibiting  the  Disciples  of  Jesus  under  Discipline  for  the  Apostle- 
ship.  4th  ed.  revised  and  improved.  Edinburgh.  1888.   10s.  Qd. 

Reuan,  E. :  Les  Apotres.  English  translation.  New  York.  1866.  Cheap 
edition.  London.  1889.  Is. 

John.  * 

Macdonald,  James  M. :  The  Life  and  writings  of  St.  John  (edited  with 
an  Introduction  by  J.  S.  Howson).  New  York.  1877.   pp.  xxxvi.,  436,  24  X 
17.  $5.00. 
Cf .  p.  68.  ^      ^ 

Paul. 

Conybeare,  W.  J.  and  Howson,  J.  S. :  The  Life  and  Epistles  of  St. 
Paul.  2  vols.  (Numerous  editions;  the  fullest  is  the  revised  edition.  Long- 
mans. 1876.  $6.00.)  It  led  the  way  among  English  works  in  reproducing 
the  Epistles  in  their  historic  setting.     Cheap  edition.     (1892.)    3s.  6c?. 

Less  learned  works  by  Howson  are  The  Character  of  St.  Paul  (Hulsean 
Lectures  for  1862) ;  Scenes  from  the  Life  of  St.  Paul  (Boston.  1867) ;  The 
Metaphors  of  St.  Paul  (London.  1868).  The  last  named  work,  together 
with  another  of  a  practical  character  on  The  Companions  of  St.  Paul 
(London.  1870),  were  republished  in  this  country  in  one  volume  (with  an 
Introduction  by  Prof.  H.  B.  Hackett)  in  1872. 

Farrar,  F.  W. :  The  Life  and  Work  of  St.  Paul.  2  vols.  London  and 
New  York.  1879.  pp.  678,  668,  22  X  15. 

Lewin,  Thomas :  The  Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul.  4th  ed.  revised. 
London.  1878.  2  vols.  24X29.  $12.00.  — Abounds  with  views,  maps,  plans, 
coins,  etc. 

Baur,  F.  C. :  Paulus  der  Apostel  Jesu  Christi.  Sein  Leben  und  Wirken, 
seine  Briefe  und  seine  Lehre.  Ein  Beitrag  zu  einer  kritischen  Geschichte 
des  Urchristenthums.  2te  Aufl.  nach  dem  Tode  des  Verfassers  besorgt  von 
Dr.  Eduahd  Zellek.  2  vols.  Leipzig.  1866-1867.  pp.  490, 377, 23  X  15.  13  M. 
English  translation  by  Allen  Menzies  (Theological  Translation  Fund 
Library).  London.  2  vols.  1873-1874.  21s. 

Renan,  Ernest :  Saint  Paul.  Paris.  1869.  pp.  572.  22  X  15.  (Forming 
the  third  volume  of  his  "  Histoire  des  Origines  du  Christianisme.")  English 
translation. 


78  LIST  OP  BOOKS 

Copious  references  to  German  works  may  be  found  in  Woldemar 
Schmidt's  article  "Paulus,  der  Apostel"  in  Herzog,  ed.  2,  vol.  xi.,  pp. 
356-389. 

Forbes,  S.  Russell :  The  Footsteps  of  St.  Paul  in  Rome.  An  historical 
Memoir,  from  the  Apostle's  landing  at  Puteoli  to  his  Death,  a.  d.  62-64.  2d 
ed.  revised  and  enlarged.  Thomas  Nelson  and  Sons.  1889.  pp.  92,  19  X  13. 
$1.00.  — Contains  interesting  archaeological  matter. 

A  set  of  forty-three  illustrative  photographs  by  the  same  author  may  be 
had  for  17s.  8c?. 

Smith,  James :  The  Voyage  and  Shipwreck  of  St.  Paul,  etc.  4th  ed. 
London.    1880.    pp.  314.    7s.  —  A  standard. 

Cf.  Jal,  a.  :  Arch6ologie  navale.  2  vols.  Paris.  1840.  Numerous  plates ;  Breussing,  A. : 
Die  Nautik  der  Alten.  1886.  10  M. ;  ToRR,  C  :  Ancient  Ships.  Cambr.  1893  ;  art.  Ifavis  in 
Smith's  Diet,  of  Antt.   3d  ed. 

Peter. 
Rodrigues,  Hippolyte :  Saint  Pierre.    Paris.    1871.   pp.  363. 
Green,  S.  G. :  The  Apostle  Peter,  his  Life  and  Letters.    London.    1873. 
Henriot:    Saint  Pierre,  son  Apostolat,  son  pontificat,  son  episcopat. 
Histoire,  traditions,  et  legendes.    Lille.    1891.    pp.  xii.,  541. 


New  Testament  Times. 
1.    The  Heathen  and  Jewish  World. 
Fisher,  Geo.  P.  .*  The  Beginnmgs  of  Christianity,  with  a  view  of  the 
Roman  world  at  the  Birth  of  Christ.    New  York,  1877.  22  X  15.  $2.50. 

Storrs,  R.  S. :  The  Divine  Origin  of  Christianity  indicated  by  its  histori- 
cal Effects.    New  York.  1885.  24  X  17.  $3.00. 

Confessedly  "  an  argument"  ;  but  its  historic  interest  much  increased  by  the  copious  quo- 
tations  in  its  Appendix,  pp.  361-639. 

Dollinger,  J.  J.  I.  v. :  Heidenthum  u.  Judenthum.  Vorhalle  zur  Ge- 
schichte  des  Christenthums  (Regensburg.  1857.  pp.  885).  English  transla- 
tion "  The  Gentile  and  the  Jew  in  the  Courts  of  the  Temple  of  Christ." 
2  vols.  London.    1862. 

Seidel,  M. :  In  the  Time  of  Jesus.  New  York.  1885. 18  X  13,  pp.  188,  xxvi. 
$1.00.  A  translation  of  Zur  Zeit  Jesu.  2te  Aufl.  Leipzig.  1884.  —  Brief 
and  popular.  • 

Prideaux's  "Connection,"  etc  (new  ["25th"  (Allibone)]  edition  by 
J.  Talbots  Wheeler.  2  vols.  London.  1858.  pp.  508,  632.  23  X  15.  14s. 
may  be  picked  up  for  a  dollar  or  two  and),  has  not  yet  outlived  its 
usefulness. 


for  students  op  the  new  testament.  79 

2.    The  Heathen  World. 

Friedlander,  L. :  Darstellungen  aus  der  Sittengeschichte  Roms  in  der 
Zeit  von  August  bis  zum  Ausgang  der  Antonine.  6te  Aufl,  1888-90.  44  M. 
—  An  invaluable  storehouse  of  facts. 

Mommsen,  Theodor  :  The  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire,  from  Caesar 
to  Diocletian  [the  v.  vol.  of  his  Hist,  of  Rome.  3te  Aufl.  '91.  9  J/.]  trans- 
with  the  author's  sanction  and  additions  by  Wm.  P.  Dickson.  2  vols.  New 
York.    1887.    pp.  397,  396,  21  X  14.    |6.00. 

Marquardt  and  Mommsen:  Handbuch  u.  s.  w.  Pts.  xii.,  xiii.  1885 — 
on  Roman  Worship. 

Boissier,  G. :  La  Religion  Romaine.    2  vols.  — A  brilliant  book. 

Huidekoper,  Frederic :  Judaism  at  Rome  b.  c.  76  to  a.  d.  140.  8th  ed. 
1889.    pp.  615,  21  X  15.    $2.50.  —  Valuable  for  its  references. 

Hertzberg,  G.  F. :  Geschichte  Griechenlands  unter  der  Herrschaft  der 
Romer.  Cf.  Mahaffy,  J.  P.,  Grk.  Life  and  Thought.  (1887.  $3.50.)  and 
Greek  World  under  Roman  Sway  ($3.0a). 

Cocker,  B.  F. :  Christianity  and  Greek  Philosophy.  N.  Y.  1875.  Pp. 
531.    21  X  15. 

Uhlhorn,  G. :  The  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Heathenism.  Edited  and 
translated,  with  the  author's  sanction,  from  the  Third  German  Edition,  by 
Egbert  C.  Smyth  and  C.  J.  H.  Ropes.  New  York.  1879.  pp.608,  21  X  14. 
$2.50.  —  Interesting  ;  with  valuable  notes. 

Keim,  Th. :  Rom  und  das  Christenthum.  Eine  Darstellung  des  Kampfes 
zwischen  dem  alten  und  dem  neuen  Glauben  im  Romischen  Reiche,  wahrend 
der  beiden  ersten  Jahrhunderte  unser  Zeitrechnung.  Aus  Th.  Keim's  hand- 
schriftlichem  Nachlass  herausgegeben  von  H.  Zieglek.  Berlin.  1881.  pp. 
667,  23  X  15.    10  M. 

Schmidt,  C. :  La  Societe'  Civile  dans  le  Monde  Romain  et  sa  Transfor- 
mation par  le  Christianisme.  1853.  English  translation  by  Mrs.  Thorpe. 
2d  ed.    1888.  pp.  500,  20  X  13.   7s.  6c?.  —  Copious  and  valuable  references. 

Schmidt,  L. :  Die  Ethik  d.  alten  Griechen.  2  vols.  1882.  pp.  400,  494, 
22  X  15.     Very  valuable. 

Denis,  J. :  Histoire  des  Theories  et  des  Id^es  morales  dans  I'antiquite. 
2me  e'dition.    2  vols.    Paris.    1879.  pp.  42.3,  453,  22  X  15. 

A  series  of  little  books  (17  X  12.  2s.  each)  issued  by  the  (London)  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  and  entitled  "  The  Heathen  World  and 
Saint  Paul,"  are  readable.  So,  too,  is  Farrar,  F.  W.  :  Darkness  and  Dawn, 
or  Scenes  in  the  Days  of  Nero.    1891.    pp.  xiv.,  594. 

3.    The  Jewish  World. 

Schiirer,  E. :  Geschichte  des  Judischen  Volkes  im  Zeitalter  Jesu  Christi 
[the  2d  greatly  enlarged  edition  of  a  work  published  in  1874  under  the  (too 


80  LIST   OP  BOOKS 

comprehensive)  title  Lehrbuch  der  neutestamentlichen  Zeitgeschichte].  Two 
Parts.  Leipzig.  1886, 1890.  pp.  884, 751,  23  X  16.  38  M.  Translated  (not 
quite  worthily)  in  5  vols.  Edinburgh.  1885-1886.  31s.  6d.  —  Invaluable,  both 
for  the  fulness  and  the  accuracy  of  its  statements  and  for  its  bibliography. 

Stapfer,  Edmond  :  Palestine  in  the  Time  of  Christ.  London.  1886.  pp. 
527,  21  X  14.  9s.  Translated  from  the  8d  (revised)  edition  (1885)  of  the 
French  original.    5th  (revised  and  corrected)  ed.    Paris.    1892.    pp.  540. 

Hausrath,  A. :  Neutestamentliche  Zeitgeschichte  (especially  the  Erster 
Theil,  3d  German  ed.  1880.  p.  515.  10  M.)  4  vols.  1875-79.  39  M.  Eng.  trans, 
from  the  2d  Germ.  ed.  in  the  "Theological  Translation  Fund  Library." 
(London.  1877.)  2  vols.  21s.  —  Pictorial  but  somewhat  untrustworthy ;  in- 
troduces much  Roman  history. 

Ewald,  H. :  The  History  of  Israel  Especially  vol.  vi.  Christ  and  his 
Times,  16s.,  and  vol.  vii.  The  Apostolic  Age,  21s.  (The  eighth  and  last 
vol.  (1886)  contains  a  full  index ;  8  vols,  complete,  118s.) 

Morrison,  W.  D. :  The  Jews  under  Homan  Rule.  Lond.  1890.  pp.  450. 
5s. 

Stade,  Bernh. :  Geschichte  des  Volkes  Israel,  vol  ii.  (by  Oskae  Holtz- 
MANN.    1888.    pp.679.) 

The  popular  books  by  Edersheim,  Delitzsch,  al.,  mentioned  on  p.  54, 
are  also  in  place  here. 

The  Jewish  historians  Jost,  Graetz,  Geiger,  Herzfeld,  may  also  be 
consulted. 

Prominent  among  ancient  "  Sources  "  are  the  works  of  Flavius  Josephus  : 
new  critical  ed.  by  B.  Niese  is  nearly  complete,  vol.  i.  (Berlin.  1887)  pp. 
Ixxxiv.,  362,  22  X  15,  Antiq.,  bks.  i.-v.,  14  M.  vol.  ii.  (ibid,  1885,  pp.  viii. 
392)  Antiq.,  bks.  vi.-x.,  12  M.  vol.  v.  (ibid.  1889,  pp.  xxvii.  99,  5  M.), 
contra  Apionem  libri  ii.  vol.  iv.  Antiq.  xvi.-xx.  et  Vita  (ibid,  1890,  pp.  x., 
389),  vol,  iii.  Antiq.  xi.-xv.  (ibid,  pp,  Ixvii.,  409).  A  revision  of  Whiston's 
translation  by  A.  R.  Shilleto  with  topographical  notes  by  C.  W.  Wilson, 
appeared  in  1889-90.    5  vols.    3s.  6d.  each.     (Bohn's  Standard  Library.) 

Also  The  Books  op  Maccabees,  as  well  as  the  Old  Testament  Apocry- 
pha generally ;  see  p.  46  above. 


New  Testament  Theology. 
1.    In  General. 

Weiss,  Bernhard  :  Lehrbuch  der  Biblischen  Theologie  des  Neuen  Testa- 
ments. 5th  ed.  Berlin.  1888.  pp.  vii.,  700,  22  X  16.  11  M  (English  transla- 
tion of  the  3d  ed.  2  vols.   Edinburgh.  1882-1883.   21s.)  —  By  far  the  best. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OP   THE   NEW  TESTAMENT.  81 

Beyschlag,  W. :  Neutest.  Theol.  oder  gesch.  Darstellung  d.  Lehren  Jesus 
XL.  d.  Urchristentums  nach  d.  neutest.  Quellen.    2  vols.  Halle  1892.   18  M. 

In  the  Mohr  (of  Freiburg)  series  of  Theological  Text-books  a  Neutesta- 
mentiiche  Theologie  by  E.  Schurek  is  announced. 

Earlier  works  worth  consulting  are  — 

Neander,  A. ;  History  of  the  Planting  and  Training  of  the  Christian 
Church  by  the  Apostles  (translation  corrected  according  to  the  4th  German 
(1847)  ed.  by  E.  G.  Robinson).  New  York.  1865.  pp.  547,  25  X  16.  |3.50; 
ScHMiD  (ed.  Heller,  1868) ;  Ritschl,  A. :  Entstehung  der  altkathoUschen 
Kirche,  2d  ed.  1857  (valuable);  Baur  (posthumous,  1864);  Immer  (1877); 
Redss,  E.:  Histoire  de  la  theologie  chretienne.  3d  ed.  1864.  2  vols.  Eng- 
lish translation,  1874  (with  Introduction  and  Notes  by  Dale)  ;  Hofmann, 
J.  C.  K.  V. :  Der  Schrif tbeweis.  Two  Parts  in  3  vols.  2d  ed.  Nordlingen. 
1857-1860.  pp.  678,  555,  731,  22  X  15.  30  M. ;  Ewald,  H.  :  Lehre  der  Bibel 
von  Gott,  oder  Theologie  des  alten  und  neuen  Bundes.  4  vols.  Leipzig. 
1871-1876.  The  first  part  of  this  work  was  translated  by  Thos.  Goadby 
under  the  titles  "Revelation,  its  Nature  and  Record."  Edinburgh.  1884. 
10s.  Qd.,  and  "  Old  and  New  Testament  Theology."  10s.  6d. 

Noteworthy  recent  works  are  —  Wendt,  H.  H.:  Lehre  Jesu  (Eng.  trans. 
2  vols.  1892.  21s.) ;  Pfleiderer,  O.  :  Urchristenthum.  (Berlin.  1887.  pp. 
891,23  X  15) ;  Weizsacker:  Apostolisches  Zeitalter  (neubearb.  Aufl.  1892, 
pp.  700,  xix.,  24  X  16.  16  M.) ;  Lechler,  G.  V. :  Das  apostolische  und  das 
nachapostolische  Zeitalter  mit  Riicksicht  auf  Unterschied  und  Einheit  in 
Lehre  und  Leben  dargestellt.  3te  Aufl.  1885.  Translated  by  A.  J.  K. 
Davidson.    2  vols.    Edinburgh,    pp.  xvi.,  366,  ix.,  390,  20  X  13.    I65. 

Here,  too,  may  be  mentioned  such  works  as  — 

Stanley,  A.  P. :  Sermons  and  Essays  on  the  Apostolical  Age.  2d  ed.  revised. 
Oxford  and  London.  1852.  pp.  391,  22  X  15. 

Parrar,  F.  W. :  The  Early  Days  of  Christianity.  2  vols.  1883.  pp.  557, 
616, 10  X  15.  10s.  — Devoted  to  the  Epistles  of  Peter,  James,  Jude,  John,  and 
that  to  the  Hebrews.     See  p.  20. 

Godet,  Frederic:  Studies  on  the  Epistles.  Translated  by  Annie  H. 
Holmden.  1889. 

2.  Particular  Authors  and  Topics. 

Ladd,  George  T. :  The  Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scripture.  2  vols.  New  York. 
1883.  pp.  761,  765,  24  X  16.  $7.00.  Also  by  the  same  author,  "What  is 
the  Bible?"    N.  Y.  1888.  pp.  497,  20  X  13.    More  popular. 

Wittichen,  C. :   Die  Idee  Gottes  als  des  Vaters,  ein  Beitrag  zur  bib- 


82  LIST    OF    BOOKS 

lischen  Theologie  hauptsachlich  der  synoptischen  Reden  Jesu.  Gottingen. 
1865.  pp.  86,  21  X  14.  Also,  Die  Idee  des  Menschen  u.  s.  w.  Gott.  1868. 
pp.  218 ;  and  Die  Idee  des  Reiches  Gottes  u.  s.  w.  Gott.  1872.  pp.  242. 

Iiiddon,  Henry  Parry :  The  Divinity  of^  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus 
Christ  (The  Bampton  Lectures  for  1866).  13th  ed.  London,  Oxford,  and 
Cambridge.  1889.  pp.  598, 19  X  13.  5s.     And  — 

"  An  Examination  of  Canon  Liddon's  Bampton  Lectures  on,  etc.,  by  A 
Clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England."    London.  1871.  pp.  343,  19  X 13. 

Gess,  W.  F. :  Christi  Person  und  Werk  nach  Christi  Selbstzeugniss  und 
den  Zeugnissen  der  Apostel.  2te  Aufl.  Basel.  3  vols.  1870-1879.  — Freely 
re-cast  by  J.  A.  Reubelt.  Andover.  1870.  pp.  456,  20X  13.  $1.50. 

Smeaton,  Geo. :  The  Doctrine  of  the  Atonement  as  taught  by  Christ 
Himself.  2d  ed.  Edinburgh.  10s.  Qd. 

Smeaton,  Geo. :  The  Doctrine  of  the  Atonement  as  taught  by  the 
Apostles.    Edinburgh. 

Beyschlag,  Willibald :  Die  Christologie  des  Neuen  Testaments.  Berlin. 
1866. 

Schmidt,  Richard :  Die  Paulinische  Christologie  u.  s.  w.  Gottingen. 
1870.  4.80  M. 

Messner,  H. :  Die  Lehre  der  Apostel.  Leipzig.  1856.  pp.  x.,  427.  8  M. 
(A  condensed  translation  by  S.  R.  Asbuet  in  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra  for 
1869  and  1870.) 

Usteri,  Leonhard :  Entwickelung  des  Paulinischen  Lehrbegriffes  in 
seinem  Verhaltnisse  zur  biblischen  Dogmatik  des  Neuen  Testamentes.  6te 
Ausgabe.  Zurich.  1851.  pp.  448.  5  M. 

Pfleiderer,  Otto :  Der  Paulinisraus,  u.  s.  w.  2te  Aufl.  Leipzig.  1890. 
pp.  538.    10  M.    Eng.  trans,  of  ed.  1.    Lond.    1877.    2  vols.    21s. 

Stevens,  G.  B. :  The  Pauline  Theology.    N.  Y.    1892. 

Everett,  C.  C. :  The  Gospel  of  St.  Paul.    Boston.    1893. 

Matheson,  G. :  Spiritual  Developement  of  St.  Paul.    1891.    pp.  324.   7s. 

Sabatier,  A. :  L'Apotre  Paul,  esquisse  d'une  histoire  de  sa  pensee.  2me 
ed.  revue  et  augmentee.  Paris.  1881.  pp.  xxiv.,  320,  18  Xl2.  Eng.  trans. 
1891.    7s.  6d. 

Clarke,  J.  F. :  The  Ideas  of  the  Apostle  Paul  translated  into  their  Mod- 
ern Equivalents.  Boston.  1884.  pp.  436,  19  X  13.  $1.50. 

Lipsius,  R.  A. :  Die  Paulinische  Rechtfertigungslehre  unter  Beriicksichti- 
gung  einiger  verwandten  Lehrstiicke  nach  den  vier  Hauptbriefen  des  Apos- 
tels  dargestellt.  Mit  einem  Vorwort  von  Cabl  Theodoe  Albset  Liebkeb. 
Leipzig.  1853.  pp.  219,  21  X  13,  2  M. 


FOR  STUDENTS   OF   THE   NEW  TESTAMENT.  83 

Preuss,  Ed. :  Die  Rechtfertigung  des  Sunders  vor  Gott,  aus  der  heiligen 
Schrift  dargelegt.    2te  Aufl.    Berlin.    1871.    S  M. 

Ritschl,  A. :  Die  Christliche  Lehre  von  der  Rechtfertigung  und  Versoh- 
nung.    3d  ed.    Bonn.    1888-89.    3  vols.    26  M. 

Gloel,  J. :  Der  Heilige  Geist  in  der  Heilsverkiindigung  des  Paulus. 
Halle.  1888.  7  M. 

St.  John's  doctrinal  views  (Lehrbegriff)  are  set  forth  by  G.  K. 
L.  Th.  Frommann  (1839.  7.50  J/.),  K.  R.  Kostlin  (1843.  6.50  M.),  Ad. 
HiLGENFELD  (1849.  5.40  M.),  B.  Weiss  (1862.  4.80  M.),  J.  J.  Lias  (1875). 

Franke,  A.  H. :  Das  Alte  Testament  bei  Johannes,  ein  Beitrag  zur 
Erklarung  u.  Beurtheilung  der  Johanneischen  Schriften.     Gottingen.  1885. 

Schmidt,  W.  G. :  Der  Lehrgehalt  des  Jakobusbriefes.  Leipzig.  1869.  3  M. 

"Weiss,  B. :  Der  Petrinische  Lehrbegriff  u.  s.  w.  Berlin.  1855.  pp.  viii., 
444.  7  M. 

Riehm,  E.  K.  A. :  Der  Lehrbegriff  des  Hebraerbrief es  u.  s.  w.  Neue  Ausg. 
1867.  pp.  899,  21  X  13.  —  A  thorough  book ;  but  consult  the  Essays  in 
Westcott's  Commentary.  (See  p.  73.) 

Gebhardt,  Hermann :  Der  Lehrbegriff  der  Apokalypse.  Gotha.  1873. 
English  translation  by  J.  Jefferson.    Edinburgh.  1878.  10s.  Qd. 

Weber,  Ferd.  t  Vom  Zorne  Gottes,  ein  biblisch-theologisches  Versuch, 
mit  Proleg.  von  F.  Delitzsch.    Erlangen.  1862.  pp.  xlviii.,  368.  4.50  M. 

Boettcher,  Frid. :  De  Inferis  rebusque  post  mortem  futuris  ex  Hebr.  et 
Graecor.  opinionibus.  vol.  i.  Hebraica  complectens.  Dresden.  1846.  pp.  320, 
25  X  16.  —  Unfinished,  but  learned  and  elaborate.  Pages  248-277  relate  to 
New  Testament  times.  But  see  the  admirable  bibliography  of  this  sub- 
ject in  — 

Abbot,  Ezra :  Literature  of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life,  etc.  (especially 
Section  III.).  New  York.  1867. 

Ernestl,  H.  F.  T.  L. :  Vom  Ursprunge  der  Siinde  nach  Paulinischen 
Lehrgehalte.  2d  ed.    Wolfenbuttel.  1862.  2  vols.  7.50  M. 

Ernestl,  H.  F.  T.  L. :  Die  Ethik  des  Apostels  Paulus  in  ihren  Grundziigen 
dargestellt.  8d  ed.  Braunschweig.  1880.  xii.,  195,  21  X  13.  —  Pretty  full 
enumeration  of  recent  works  in  the  Preface. 

Menegoz,  Eugene :  Le  Pe'che  et  la  Redemption  d'apres  Saint  Paul.  Paris. 
1882.  pp.  306,  24  X  16. 

MUller,  Julius  :  Die  Christliche  Lehre  von  der  Siinde.  Sechste  Aufl. 
Bremen.  1889.  2  vols,  (xviii.  676;  xxi.  631),  23  X  14.  20  M.  (English  trans- 


84  LIST    OP    BOOKS. 

lation  of  6th  German  edition.  Edinburgh.  2  rols.  21s.)  —  Incidentally  dis- 
cusses many  New  Testament  words  and  passages. 

Ludemann,  H. :  Die  Anthropologic  des  Apost.  Paulus  u.  s.  w.  Kiel.  1872. 

"Wendt,  H.  H. :  Die  BegrifEe  Fleisch  und  Geist  im  biblischen  Sprachge- 
brauch  untersucht.     Gotha.     1878.    3.60  M. 

Dickson,  Wm.  P. :  St.  Paul's  use  of  the  terms  Flesh  and  Spirit.  (The 
Baird  Lect.  for  1883.)    Glasgow,  pp.  458,  19  X  13.    8s.  6d.  —  The  best. 

Everling,  0. :  Die  Paulinische  Angelologie  und  Damonologie.  Gottingen. 
1888.    pp.126.    2.80  M. 

On  the  Church  see  Davidson,  S.  (The  Ecclesiastical  Polity  of  the  New 
Testament,  etc.  2d  ed.  1854),  Jacob,  G.  A.  do.  (2d  ed.  1878),  and  works  in 
German  by  Kostlin,  H.  (Gotha.  1872),  Schmidt,  H.  (Leipzig.  1884), 
Waiz,  K.  (Leiden.  1884),  Muller  (Leipzig.  1885 — with  special  reference 
to  the  ecclesiastical  condition  disclosed  in  the  Pastoral  Epistles) ;  also  Ban- 
nerman  (1887.  2  vols.  21s.).  Compare  Loofs,  F.,  Die  urchristliche  Ge- 
meindeverfassung  (mit  specieller  Beziehung  auf  Loening  und  Harnack)  in 
the  Stud,  und  Krit.    1890.  pp.  619-658. 


MISCELLANEOUS    TOPICS.  85 

MISCELLANEOUS    TOPICS. 

Messianic  Expectations  at  the  Opening  of  the  Christla.n 

Era. 

ScHUREB,  E.,  Geschichte  des  Jiidischen  Volkes,  vol.  ii.  §  29 ;  Westcott, 
B.  F.,  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Gospels,  ch.  ii.  Also  works  on 
p.  67  above,  especially  Drummond  and  Stanton  ;  cf.  Sketch  of  the  History 
of  the  Literature,  etc.,  in  the  latter,  p.  141  sq.,  and  Westcott,  p.  92  sq. ; 
also  Baldenspebgek,  W.,  Selbstbewusstsein  Jesu.  2te  Aufl.  '92.  pp.  3-122. 

Date  of  Christ's  Birth,  Death,  etc. 

Andrews  (p.  76  above),  pp.  1-5;  Keim  (ibid.),  iii.  457-506 ;  McClellan, 
J.  B.,  The  New  Testament  (vol.  i.  London.  1875),  pp.  390-408;  art.  "Zeit- 
rechnung "  by  K.  Wieseler  in  HerzogI,  xxi.  543  sqq. ;  also  his  Chrono- 
logische  Synopse  (see  p.  56  above),  Zockler  in  Herzog^,  vi.  664  sqq.  Cf. 
HoRT  in  Greek  Test.,  App.,  p.  77  sq. ;  Patbitius,  F.  X.,  de  Evangeliis 
(1853),  ii.  171  sq. 

Language  spoken  by  Jesus. 

Roberts,  A.,  Greek  the  language  of  Christ  and  His  Apostles.  London. 
1888;  Neubauer,  Ad.,  in  Studia  Biblica,  i.  (Oxford.  1885.  23  X  15. 
$1.50),  Essay  iii. ;  cf.  Schureb,  §  22,  ii.  2 ;  Abbott,  T.  K.,  Essays,  etc. 
(Lond.  1891),  Essay  y. 

The  Appellations  "  Son  of  Man,"  "  Son  of  God." 

Gbimm,  Lexicon  s.  vv.  (6)  vihs  rod  dvdpdiirov,  vlhs  tov  deov ;  Weiss,  Biblical 
Theology,  §§  16,  17  ;  Leben  Jesu  (ed.  1),  i.  450  sqq. ;  Betschlag,  Leben 
Jesu,  i.  237  sq. ;  Bbuce,  Humiliation  of  Christ,  pp.  475  sq. ;  also,  The  King- 
dom of  God,  ch.  vii. ;  Stanton,  Jewish  and  Christian  Messiah,  pp.  239-250 ; 
Baldenspergeb,  Das  Selbstbewusstsein  Jesu  u.  s.  w.  chap.  vii. ;  Westcott 
on  John,  pp.  33-35 ;  Nobton's  Note  on  Matt  iii.  17  ;  Lewis  Mateb,  in  Bibl. 
Repos.  for  Jan.  1840 ;  Vernon  Bartlett  in  Expositor,  Dec.  1892. 

The  "Brethren"  of  Jesus. 
Gbimm,  New  Testament  Lexicon,  s.  r.  &S€\<j)6s,  1,  and  reff,  there  given. 

The  Relations  op  Jesus  to  the  Three  Religious  Parties 
OF  his  Day. 

Cf  reff.  on  p.  64  sq.,  especially  Schubeb  ;  Keim,  Jesu  von  Nazara,  Pt.  I., 
Division  ii.,  Section  4;  also  his  Geschichte  Jesu  (1875),  Pt.  L,  Division  1., 
Section  2 ;  Edebsheim,  Jewish  Social  Life,  chh.  xiv.,  xv. ;  Hausrath,  A., 


86  MISCELLANEOUS    TOPICS. 

Neutestamentliche  Zeitgeschichte,  vol.  i.  (3d  ed.  1880),  Section  Third ; 
EwALD,  Geschichte  (English  translation  v.  365  sqq.) ;  Staffer,  Bk.  II.,  ch. 
i.-v. ;  cf.  ch.  xiv. ;  Neandek,  Life  of  Jesus  Christ  (American  translation), 
Bk.  II.,  ch.  i. ;  Weiss,  Leben  Jesu,  Bk.  IV.,  ch.  8 ;  Edersheim,  Jesus  the 
Messiah,  Bk.  III.,  ch.  iL 

Christ's  own  Conception   of  his  Messiahship. 

Bruce,  The  Kingdom  of  God,  Lects.  i.,  vi.,  xv. ;  Stanton,  The  Jewish  and 
the  Christian  Messiah,  Pt.  ii. ;  Baldensperger,  Selbstbewusstsein,  Th.  ii. ; 
Stearns  in  Christianity  and  Modern  Thought  (Am.  Unit.  Assoc.  1872) ; 
Fisher,  Beginnings  of  Christianity,  ch.  xiv. ;  Neander,  Life  of  Jesus 
Christ,  Bk.  IV.  Pt.  !.,  chh.  i.-iii. ;  Pressense,  Je'sus-Christ,  Bk.  II.  ch.  iv. ; 
Weiss,  Bibl.  Theol.  §  14 ;  Sc.hlottmann,  Bibl.  Theol.  pp.  111-134. 

The  Sinlessness  of  Jesus. 

RefE.  in  Hase,  Leben  Jesu,  §  30,  cf.  his  Geschichte  Jesu  (1876),  §  30; 
Smith's  Bible  Dictionary,  p,  1886  *>;  Essays  by  Ullmann,  7th  ed.  1863  (Eng- 
lish translation) ;  Dorner,  1862  (translation  in  Theol.  Rev.  for  1863) ;  cf. 
Keim,  Der  geschichtliche  Christus.  3d  ed.  1866 ;  and  Geschichte  Jesu,  3te 
Bearbeitung.  1875.  p.  364  sqq. ;  G.  P.  Fisher,  Grounds  of  Theistic  and  Chris- 
tian Belief,  ch.  v. ;  F.  W.  Newman,  Essay  vii. 

Demoniacal  Possession. 

Dr.  Gannett  in  "  Scripture  Interpreter,"  ii.  pp.  255-302 ;  Wetstein's  note 
on  Matt.  iv.  24  (translation  in  "  Christian  Disciple,"  New  Series,  1823,  v.  35- 
42) ;  Meter  on  the  same  passage ;  Weiss,  Leben  Jesu,  book  iii.,  ch.  6 ; 
RoTHE,  Dogmatik ;  Edersheim,  Jesus  the  Messiah,  i.  479  sq.  (cf.  Appendix 
xvi.  and  Index) ;  Hase,  Leben  Jesu,  §  48  for  older  refif. ;  A.  B,  Bruce, 
The  Miraculous  Element  in  the  Gospels  (Ely  Lectures)  p.  172  sqq. 

The  Nature  and  Function  op  the  Miracles  of  Jesus. 

Fisher,  Geo.  P.,  Supernatural  Origin,  etc.  (p.  67  above)  ch.  xi. ;  and 
Grounds  of  Theistic  and  Christian  Belief,  ch.  vi. ;  Steinmeyer  (p.  68 
above) ;  Park  in  B.  D.  Am.  ed.  art.  Miracles ;  Mead,  Supernatural  Revela- 
tion (N.  Y.  1889)  chh.  v.-vii. ;  Ladd,  Doctrine  of  Sacred  Scripture,  Part  II., 
ch.  iii. ;  Weiss,  Leben  Jesu,  bk.  i.,  ch.  12 ;  Beyschlag,  Leben  Jesu,  bk.  iii., 
ch.  6;  HoLTZMANN,  Die  Synoptischen  Evangelien,  §  30;  Neander,  Life  of 
Jesus  Christ,  Bk.  IV.,  Pt.  ii.,  ch.  6;  Bruce,  A.  B.,  The  Miraculous  Element 
in  the  Gospels  (New  York,  no  date),  especially  Lect.  vii.  sq. ;  C.  C.  Everett 
in  "Christianity  and  Modern  Thought"  (Am.  Unit.  Assoc.  1872). 

The  Resurrection  of  Christ. 

'Rett,  in  Hase,  Leben  Jesu,  §  116,  and  especially  Ezra  Abbot,  Litera- 
ture of  the  Doctrine  of  a  Future  Life,  Nos.  3133-3181 ;  Steinmeyer,  Apol. 


MISCELLANEOUS   TOPICS.  87 

Beitr.  III.  (see  p.  68  above) ;  William  Milligan,  The  Resurrection  of  our 
Lord  (London.  1884.  28x14.  $1.25);  especially  Beyschlag,  Die  Aufersteh- 
ung  Christi  und  ihre  neueste  Bestreitung  (Berlin.  1865.  14x10.  $.50),  and 
his  Leben  Jesu,  bk.  iii.  ch.  9 ;  Steude  in  Studien  u.  Kritiken  for  1887.  pp. 
203-295 ;  "  Present  Day  Tracts,"  vol.  1.  and  vol.  viii. ;  Mead,  Supernatural 
Revelation  (1889),  Lect.  vii. 

The  *Parousia.* 

WoLDEMAB  Schmidt  in  Herzog^,  xvii.,  93-99  ;  Weiffenbach,  W.,  Der 
Wiederkunftsgedanke  Jesu  (1873.  22x14,  pp.  434);  Desprez,  The  Apoca- 
lypse, pp.  208-253 ;  Jowett  in  Notes's  Theol.  Essays,  pp.  393  sqq. ;  Eders- 
HEiM,  Jesus  the  Messiah,  bk.  v.,  ch.  6;  Bruce,  The  Kingdom  of  God, 
ch.  xii. ;  Ladd  in  the  New  Englander  for  Apr.  1874 ;  Briggs  in  Presby t 
Rev.  for  Apr.  1888 ;  Norton,  A.,  Statement  of  Reasons,  etc.  pp.  273-284, 
and  App.  Note  B ;  Baub,  N.  T.  Theol.  p.  105  sq. ;  reff.  in  Base's  Leben 
Jesu,  §  101. 

The   *  Kingdom  op  Heaven.' 

ReflF.  in  Grimm's  Lex.  s.  v.  $a<n\f(a,  p.  98» ;  Wittichen  (see  p.  82) ;  Toy, 
Judaism  and  Christianity,  ch.  vi. ;  Keim,  iii.  48-92 ;  Edersheim,  Jesus  the 
Messiah,  index  s.  v. ;  Row,  C.  A.,  Revelation  and  Modern  Theology  con- 
trasted (London.  1883.  pp.  478,23  X  15),  especially  chh.  ix.-xiii. ;  Candlish, 
J.  S.,  Cunningham  Lects.  tenth  series  (Edinburgh.  1884);  Bruce,  A.  B., 
The  Kingdom  of  God,  etc. ;  Wendt,  H.  H.,  Die  Lehre  Jesu,  1.  (see  p.  81). 

The  New  Testament  Apocrypha. 

Critical  editions  by  Tischendorf,  Thilo  (vol.  i. — all  published — pp. 
896,  22  X  13.  Leipzig.  1832.  Valuable  notes),  Lipsius  (Apocr.  Acts,  etc. 
4  vols.  1883-90.  50if. ;  exhaustive.  English  translation  of  Tischendorf's 
text  by  Alex.  Roberts  and  James  Donaldson  as  vol.  xvi.  of  "  Ante-Nicene 
Christian  Library."  (Edinburgh.  1870.)  Re-edited  by  Prof.  M.  B.  Riddle 
in  vol.  viii.  of  the  Christian  Literature  Company's  reprint ;  see  the  copious 
BibUography  appended  to  this  edition,  p.  95  sqq. ;  Hofmann,  R.,  Das  Leben 
Jesu  nach  den  Apokryphen  im  Zusammenhange  aus  den  Quellen  erzS,hlt  u. 
wissenschaf  tlich  untersucht.  (Leipzig.  1851).  pp.  484,  22  X  14 ;  Pick,  B., 
The  Life  of  Jesus  according  to  extra-canonical  Sources.  New  York.  1887. 
pp.  189,  19  X  11.  $-50 ;  especially  Zahn,  Th.,  Gesch.  des  neutest.  Kanons, 
n.  ii.  pp.  621-910 ;  Holtzmann,  Einleitung,  ed.  3,  p.  485  sq.  and  reff. 

On  isolated  words  and  works  ascribed  to  Jesus,  see  Westcott,  Introd. 
App.  C. ;  Schaff,  Hist,  of  the  Christian  Church,  i.  162  sqq. ;  especially 
Rbsch,  a.,  "  Agrapha  "  in  Gbbhabdt  u.  Habnack's  Texte  u.  s.  w.  1889. 


88  MISCELLANEOUS   TOPICS. 

The  use  made  of  the  Old  Testament  by  the  Writers  op 

THE  New. 

Tot,  C.  H.,  Quotations  in  the  New  Testament  (New  York.  1884, 24X16)  ; 
he  gives  a  select  bibliography  pp.  xxxvii.-xliii.;  Fairbairn,  Herra.  Manual, 
Part  Third,  p.  393  sq. ;  Tholuck,  A.,  Das  Alte  Testament  im  Neuen  Tes- 
tament. 6te  Aufl.  2ter.  Abdruck.  Gotha.  1872.  (Originally  an  Appendix  to 
his  Com.  on  Hebrews;  also  given  in  the  10th  vol.  of  his  collected  Works.); 
Delitzsch,  Franz,  Messianic  Prophecies  (translation  of  MS.  Lectures  by 
S.  I.  CuRTiss.  Edinburgh.  1880,  23x15.  $1.50);  posthumously  appeared 
(1890)  his  Messianische  Weissagungen  in  geschichtlicher  Folge.  (§1.35); 
recent  works  on  (Messianic)  Prophecy  by  Riehm  (see  p.  31  above),  Orelh 
(translated  1885),  Briggs  (New  York.  1886),  Edersheim,  Kdenen 
(translated).    See  also  articles  by  Staerk  in  Ztschr.  f.  wissensch.  Theol.  1892. 

The  Ethical  Eelations  op  the  New  Testament  to  the  Old. 

See  the  Commentaries  on  Matt.  v.  17 ;  for  example,  Bleek,  Synopt. 
Erklarung  u.  s.  w.  i.  p.  251  sq. ;  Neander,  Life  of  Jesus  Christ,  Bk.  IV., 
Pt.  i.,  ch.  2;  Weiss,  Leben  Jesu,  Bk.  IV.,  ch.  4  and  ch.  10;  cf.  Whately, 
R.,  Essays  on  Some  of  the  Difficulties  in  the  Writings  of  St.  Paul,  etc.. 
Essay  v. ;  Norton,  Genuineness  of  the  Gospels,  vol.  ii..  Note  D,  Section 
vii. ;  RiTSCHL,  A.,  Entstehung  d.  altkath.  Kirche  (2te  Aufl.  1857)  pp.  27- 
62;  Hase,  §61. 

The  *  Apologetic  *  (or  *  Evidential  ')   Value  of  the  four 
CHIEF  Epistles  of  Paul  (and  of  the  Apocalypse). 

Leathes,  Stanley,  The  Boyle  Lects.  for  1869;  Schaff,  P.,  History  of 
the  Christian  Church,  i.  213  sq. ;  Row,  The  Jesus  of  the  Evangelists  (2d  ed. 
pp.  340.  1880),  ch.  xvii. ;  Stanton,  The  Jewish  and  the  Christian  Messiah, 
p.  155  sq.;  articles  in  the  Expositor  for  1876,  1877,  1881;  J.  S.  Howson, 
"  Present  Day  Tract,"  No.  24 ;  F.  Godet,  same  series.  No.  55.  Above  all, 
Knowling,  R.  J. :  Witness  of  the  Epistles  (Lond.  1892).  pp.  451.  15s. 


THE    INDEX. 


Abbot,  Ezra,  58,  61,  71,  83,  86. 
Abbott,  E.  A.  (and  Rushbrooke),  57. 
Abbott,  T.  K.,  47,  85. 
Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  70. 
Alexander's  Kitto,  44,  50,  63. 
Alexander,  W.,  58. 
Alford,  Henry,  68. 
Allen,  T.  W.,  61. 
Anderson,  Christopher,  64. 
Andrews,  S.  J.,  76,  85. 
Apocrypha,  of  the  N.  T.,  87. 
Apocrypha,  of  the  O.  T.,  46,  64,  80. 
Asbury,  S.  R.,  82. 

Baedeker,  52. 

Baldensperger,  W.,  85,  86. 

Ball,  C.  J.,  64. 

Bannerman,  84. 

Barrows,  E.  P.,  52. 

Bartlett,  V.,  85. 

Baur,  F.  C,  77,  81,  87. 

Beet,  J.  A.,  69. 

Berger,  P.,  60. 

Bernhardt,  E.,  63. 

Bertholdt,  L,,  67. 

Beyschlag,  Willibald,  58,  68,  73,  75, 

76, 81,  82,  85,  86,  87. 
Bible  Educator,  The,  51. 
Birt,  Theodor,  60. 
Bissell,  E.  C,  46,  50. 
Bleek,  F.,  56,  69,  72,  73,  74,  88. 
Boettcher,  F.,  83. 
Boissier,  G.,  79. 
Bos,  Lambert,  45. 
Breest,  E.,  76. 


Bretschneider,  C.  G.,  44,  49. 

Breussing,  A.,  78. 

Briggs,  C.  A.,  44,  66,  87,  88. 

Broadus,  J.  A.,  70. 

Browne,  Henry,  55. 

Bruce,  A.  B.,  75,  77,  85,  86,  87. 

Bruder,  C.  H.,  49. 

Buhl,  F.,  45. 

Buttmann,  Alex.,  47,  49. 

"  Calwer  Bibellexikon,"  51. 

"  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools,"  68. 

"  Cambridge  Paragraph  Bible,"  64. 

Candlish,  J.  S.,  87. 

Carruthers,  W.,  53. 

Cave,  A.,  43. 

Celle'rier,  J.  E.,  66. 

Charteris,  A.  H.,  56,  59. 

Cheetham,  see  Smith,  Wm. 

Cheyne,  T.  K.,  64. 

Chipiez  (and  Perrot),  54. 

Clark,  Sam.,  53. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  82. 

Clarke,  R.  L.,  64. 

Cocker,  B.  F.,  79. 

Cone,  Orello,  57. 

Conybeare  and  Howson,  77. 

Credner,  C.  A.,  59. 

Cremer,  H.,  48. 

Crooks  and  Hurst,  43. 

Curtiss,  S.  I.,  88. 

Dale,  R.  W.,  58. 
Dalman,  G.  H.,  67. 
Danz,  J.  T.  L.,  44. 


90 


THE    INDEX. 


Davidson,  A.  B.,  73. 

Davidson,  A.  J.  K.,  81. 

Davidson,  S.,  56,  59,  66,  84. 

Deane,  W.  J.,  46. 

Delitzsch,  Franz,  54,  73,  80,  88. 

De  Mas  Latrie,  55. 

Denis,  J.,  79. 

Desprez,  Philip  S.,  74,  87. 

De  Wette,  W.  M.  L.,  63,  68. 

Dickson,  Wm.  P.,  84. 

Dietzsch,  A.,  75. 

"  Diplomatique,  nouveau  traite  de/' 

60. 
Doedes,  J.  J.,  66. 
DoIIinger,  J.  J.  I.  v.,  78. 
Donaldson,  James,  47,  87. 
Dore,  J.  R.,  65. 
Dorner,  I.  A.,  86. 
Driver,  S.  R.,  64. 
Drummond,  J.,  67,  85. 
Dutch  *'  revision,"  63. 
Dwight,  T.,  70. 

Eadie,  John,  64,  72. 

Ebrard,  J.  H.  A.,  57. 

Edersheim,  A.,  54,  76,  80,  85,  86,  87, 

88. 
Edwards,  T.  C,  71. 
Ellicott,  C.  J.,  65,  68,  69. 
Elliot,  C.  B.,  74. 
Elliott  and  Harsha,  66. 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  44,  51,  60. 
Emesti,  H.  F.  T.  L.,  83. 
Everett,  C.  C,  82,  86. 
Everling,  O.,  84. 
Ewald,  H.,  50,  80,  81,  86. 

Fairbaim,  P.,  66,  88. 

Farrar,  F.  W.,  45,  56,  65,  70,  77,  79, 

81. 
Field,  F.,  45,  75. 
Fillion,  A.  C,  63. 
Fillion,  M.  L.  CI,  53. 
Fisher,  Geo.  P.,  44,  57,  59,  78,  86. 
Forbes,  S.  Russell,  78.     . 
Franke,  A.  H.,  68. 


French  translations  of  N.  T.,  63. 
Friedlander,  L.,  79. 
Fritzsche,  C.  F.  A.,  69,  71. 
Fritzsche,  0.  F.,  45,  46. 
Frommann,  G.  K.  L.  T.,  83. 

Gannett,  E.  S.,  86. 

Gardiner,  F.,  48. 

Gardthausen,  V.,  60. 

Gebhardt,  Hermann,  83. 

Gebhardt,  O.  v.,  47. 

Gebhardt  and  Harnack,  87. 

Geiger,  A.,  80. 

Geikie,  C,  76. 

German  translations  of  N.  T.,  63. 

Gess,  W.  F.,  82. 

Gilman,  Edward  W.,  64,  65. 

Gloag,  Paton  J.,  56. 

Gloei,  J.,  83. 

Goadby,  Thos.,  81. 

Godet,  F.,  70.  71,  81, 88. 

Goebel,  S.,  75. 

Goodwin,  A.,  64. 

Graetz,  H.,  80. 

Green,  Samuel  G.,  49, 78. 

Green,  Thomas  S.,  49,  61. 

Gregory,  C.  R.,  61,  62. 

Griesbach,  J.  J.,  66. 

Grimm,  C.  L.  W.,  44,  85,  87. 

Groser,  W.  H.,  53. 

Grove,  Geo.,  51. 

Gue'rin,  H.  V.,  52. 

Gwilliam,  G.  H.,  63. 

Hackett,  H.  B.,  51, 71,  77. 

Hackett,  H.  B.,  and  Abbot's  Smith, 

44,  50,  67. 
Hagenbach,  K.  R.,  43. 
Hahn,  G.  L.,  70. 
Hall,  Isaac  H.,  47,  62. 
Hamburger,  J.,  51. 
Hammond,  C.  E.,  61. 
Harless,  G.  C.  A.  von,  72. 
Harnack,  A.,  59. 
Harsha  (and  Elliott),  66. 
Hart,  H.  C,  53. 


THE    INDEX. 


91 


Ease,  K,  44,  76,  86,  87,  88. 

Hatch,  Edwin,  45,  47. 

Hatch  and  Redpath,  46. 

Haupt,  Erich,  73. 

Hausrath,  A.,  80,  85. 

"Heathen  world  and  St.  Paul,"  79. 

Henriot,  78. 

Heinrici,  C.  F.  G.,  68,  71. 

Hertwig,  O.  R.,  56. 

Hertzberg,  G.  F.,  79. 

Herzfeld,  L.,  80. 

Herzog's  Real-Encyclopadie,  44,  50, 

78. 
Hesse,  F.  H.,  72. 
Heyne,  Moritz,  63. 
Hicks,  E.  L.,  60. 
Hilgenfeld,  Ad.,  74,  83. 
Hinrichs,  G.,  60. 
Hofmann,  J.  C.  K.  v.,  81. 
Hofmann,  R.,  87. 
Holtzmann,  H.  J.,  55,  57,  59,  68,  69, 

74,  86,  87. 
Hort,  F.  J.  A.,  see  Westcott  and 

Hort. 
Houghton,  R.  C,  77. 
Hovey,  Alvah,  71. 
Howson,  J.  S.,  77,  88.     (See  Cony- 

beare  and  Howson.) 
Hudson,  C  F.,  50. 
Huidekoper,  F.,  79. 
Hunter,  D.,  59. 
Hurlbut,  J.  L.,  53. 
Hurst,  J.  F.,  4^. 
Huther,  J.  E.,  68,  73. 
Huxley,  T.  H.,  58. 

Immer,  A.,  66,  81. 

Jacob,  G.  A.,  84. 

Jal,  A.,  78. 

James,  M.  R.,  (and  Ryle),  46. 

Johnstone,  Robert,  73. 

Josephus,  80. 

Jost,  J.  M.,  80. 

Jowett,  B.,  87. 

Jiilicher,  A.,  75. 


Eamphausen,  A.  H.  H.,  74. 

Kautzsch,  E.,  63. 

Keil,  C.  F.,  46,  50,  69,  73. 

Keim,  Theodor,  76,  79,  85,  86. 

Kiepert,  H.,  52,  53. 

Kirchhofer,  J.,  57. 

Kitto,  see  under  Alexander. 

Klausen,  H.  N.,  66. 

Klieforth,  Th.,  73. 

Klopper,  Alb.,  72. 

Knoke,  K.,  72. 

Knowling,  R.  J.,  88. 

Koehler,  H.,  72,  76. 

Kostlin,  H.,  84. 

Kostlin,  K.  R.,  83. 

Kuhl,  E.,  68. 

Kuenen,  Abraham,  88. 

Kurtz,  J.  H.,  73. 

Lachmann,  Carl,  50. 

Ladd,  Geo.  T.,  81,  86,  87. 

Lagarde,  Paul  de,  45. 

Langen,  J.,  67. 

Lardner,  Nathaniel,  56,  67. 

Leathes,  Stanley,  88. 

Lechler,  G.  V.,  81. 

Le  Long,  see  Masch. 

Lemme,  L.,  72. 

Lewin,  Thomas,  55,  77. 

Lichtenberger,  51. 

Liddon,  H.  P.,  82. 

Lightfoot,  John,  66. 

Lightfoot,   J.    B.,    55,    57,    58,    65, 

69. 
Lipsius,  R.  A.,  43,  68,  82,  87. 
Low,  Immanuel,  53. 
Loisy,  A.,  59. 
Loofs,  F.,  84. 
Lucius,  P.  E.,  65. 
Lucke,  F.,  70. 
Ludemann,  H.,  84. 
Liinemann,  G.,  68. 
Luraby,  J.  Rawson,  71. 
Luthardt,  C.  E.,  58,  70,  76. 
Luther's  version  revised,  63. 
Lutz,  J.  L.  S.,  66. 


92 


THE    INDEX. 


McCleUan,J.  B.,69,85. 

McClintock  and  Strong,  44,  51. 

Macdonald,  J.  M.,  77. 

Macpherson,  John,  72. 

Madden,  F.  W.,  55. 

Magee,  W.  C,  58. 

Mahaffy,  J.  P.,  79. 

Mallock,  W.  H.,  58. 

Marquardt  and  Mommsen,  79. 

Marsh,  Herbert,  66. 

Maseh's  Le  Long,  62,  63. 

Matheson,  G.,  82. 

Maurice,  F.  D.,  74. 

Mayer,  Lewis,  85. 

Mayor,  Joseph  B.,  73. 

Mead,  C.  M.,  86,  87. 

Meisterhans,  K.,  60. 

Menegoz,  Eugene,  83. 

Menke,  Theodor,  53. 

Merrill,  Selah.  54. 

Messner,  H.,  82. 

Meuschen,  J.  G.,  67. 

Meyer,  H.  A.  W.,  68,  86. 

Michaelis,  J.  D.,  54. 

Milligan,  W.,  74,  87. 

Milligan,  W.  (and  Roberts,  Alex.), 

62. 
Mitchell,  E.  C,  61. 
Mombert,  J.  I.,  65. 
Mommsen,  Theodor,  79. 
Montet,  E.,  55. 
Montfaucon,  Bern,  de,  60. 
Moore,  E.  C,  74. 
Mori  son,  James,  70,  75. 
Morrison,  W.  D.,  80. 
Moulton,  W.  F.,  49,  64. 
Miiller,  Julius,  83. 
Murray,    see    Porter,    Smith     and 

Grove. 

Neander,  A.,  81,  86,  88. 

Neubauer,  Ad.,  85. 

"New  Testament  Commentary  for 

English  Readers,"  68. 
Newman,  Albert  H.,  66. 
Newman.  F.  W..  86. 


Niese,  B.,  80. 

Norton,  A.,  57,  85,  87,  88. 

Noyes,  Geo.  R.,  87. 

Oltramare,  Hugues,  63,  69. 
Orelli,  C.  v.,  88. 
Osborn,  H.  S.,  52,  53. 
Otto,  V.  W.,  71. 

"  Palaeographical  Society,"  C.  v.  60. 

"  Palestine  Exploration  Society,"  52. 

Paley,  W.,  58. 

Palmer,  E.,  48. 

"  Parallel  New  Testament,"  65. 

Park,  E.  A.,  86. 

Patritius,  F.  X.,  85. 

Peabody,  A.  P.,  58. 

Perowne,  J.  J.  S.,  68. 

Perrot  and  Chipiez,  54. 

Peshitto,  the,  63. 

Pfleiderer,  O.,  74,  81,  82. 

Philippi,  F.  A.,  72. 

Pick,  B.,  87. 

Plummer,  A,,  71. 

Plumptre,  E.  H.,  51,  73. 

Poole's  Index,  44. 

"  Popular  Commentary,"  the,  69. 

Porter,  J.  L.  (in  Murray),  62. 

Pressense',  E.  D.,  86. 

Preuss,  Edward,  83. 

Prideaux,  H.,  78. 

Punjer,  B.,  43. 

Raaz,  52. 

Rabiger,  F.  J.,  43,  50. 

Raumer,  Karl  von,  51. 

Reinach,  S.,  60. 

Renan,  E.,  77. 

Resch,  A.,  87. 

Reubelt,  J.  A,,  82. 

Reuss,  E.  (W.  E.),  47,  56,  69,  62,  63, 

81. 
Reynolds,  H.  R.,  77. 
Riddle,  M.  B.,  48,  87. 
Riehm,  E.  K.  A.,  50,  67,  83,  88. 
Riess,  R.  v.,  53. 


THE    INDEX. 


93 


RiUiet,  63. 

Ritschl,  A.,  81,  83,  88. 

Ritter,  Karl,  52. 

Roberts,  A.,  85. 

Roberts,  A.  (and  Donaldson,  J.),  87. 

Roberts,  Alex,  (and  Milligan),  74. 

Robertson,  F.  W.,  71. 

Robinson,  Edward,  48,  52. 

Rodrigues,  H.,  78. 

Rohriuht,  R.,  51. 

Rothe,  R.,  86. 

Row,  C.  A.,  58,  59,  87,  88. 

Ruegg,  A.,  62. 

Rushbrooke,  W.  G.,  57. 

Ryle,  H.  E,  and  James,  M.  R.,  46. 

Saalschiitz,  J.  L.,  50. 

Sabatier,  A.,  82. 

Salmon,  Geo.,  56,  74. 

Sanday,  W.,  48,  57,  58,  62,  64. 

Schaff,  P.,  44,  47,  61,  65,  69,  87,  88. 

Schaff-Herzog,  44,  51,  63. 

Schenkel,  D.,  50. 

Schleiermacher,  F.  E.  D.,  66. 

Schleusner,  J.  F.,  45, 49. 

Schlottmann,  K.,  86. 

Schmid,  P.,  72,  81. 

Schmidt,  C,  79. 

Schmidt,  H.,  84. 

Schmidt,  Karl,  71. 

Schmidt,  L.,  79. 

Schmidt,  R.,  82. 

Schmidt,  Woldemar,  68,  78,  87. 

Schmiedel,  P.  W.,  68. 

Schoettgen,  Christ.,  67. 

Schurer,  E.,  45, 54,  55,  79,  81,  85. 

Scrivener,  F.  H.  A.,  48,  61,  62,  64. 

Segond,  Louis,  63, 

Seidel,  M.,  78. 

Shilleto,  A.  R.,  80. 

Sieffert,  F.,  68. 

Silvestre,  J.  B.,  60. 

Simcox,  W.  H.,  47,  49. 

Simon,  R.,  63. 

Smeaton,  Geo.,  82. 

Smith,  James,  78. 


Smith,  Wm.,  44,  62,  63,  78,  86. 

Smith  and  Cheetham,  44,  51. 

Smith  and  Grove,  53. 

Smith  and  Wace,  44,  51. 

Soden,  H.  von,  68,  72. 

Spiess,  E.,  67. 

Spitta,  F.,  71,  73,  74. 

Stade,  B.,  80. 

Staerk,  88. 

Stainer,  J.,  55. 

Staram,  F.  L.,  63. 

Stanley,  A.  P.,  52,  71,  81. 

Stanton,  V.  H.,  67,  85,  86,  88. 

Stapfer,  Edmond,  63,  80,  86. 

Stearns,  O.,  86. 

Steinmeyer,  F.  L.,  58,  74,  75,  8 

Steude,  87. 

Stevens,  G.  B.,  82. 

Stewart,  C.  J.,  44. 

Storrs,  R.  S.,  78. 

Stuart,  Moses,  74. 

"  Supernatural  Religion,"  67. 

Swete,  H.  B.,  45. 

Symmington,  77. 

Syriac  New  Testament,  63. 


Taylor,  Isaac,  62. 

Terry,  Milton  S.,  66. 

Thayer,  J.  H.,  48. 

Theile  and  Stier,  63. 

Thilo,  J.  C,  87. 

Tholuck,  A.,  74,  88. 

Thoma,  A.,  58. 

Thompson,  E.  M.,  60. 

Thomson,  J.  E.  H.,  46. 

Thomson,  W.  M.,  52. 

Tischendorf,  45,  47,  48, 61,  63,  87. 

Tittmann,  J.  A.  H.,  49. 

Tobler,  Titus,  51. 

Torr,  C,  78. 

Toy,  C.  H.,  87,  88. 

Tregelles,  S.  P.,  47,  61,  62,  64. 

Trench,  R.  C,  49,  65, 74,  76. 

Tristram,  H.  B.,  51,  53. 

Trommius,  A.,  46. 


94 


THE    INDEX. 


Uhlhorn,  G.,  76,  79. 
Ullmann,  K.,  86. 
Usteri,  J.  M.,  69,  73. 
Usteri,  Leonhard,  82. 

Van  Lennep,  54. 
"  Variorum  Bible,"  64. 
Vaughan,  C.  J.,  71,  73,  74. 
Vischer,  Eberhard,  74. 
Volkmar,  G.,  46. 

Wace,  Henry,  (see  Smith  and  Wace), 

58. 
Wahl,  C.  A.,  46,  49. 
Waiz,  K.,  84. 
Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry,  58. 
Warfield,  B.  B.,  61. 
Watkins,  H.  W.,  58. 
Wattenbach,  W.,  60. 
Weber,  F.,  67,  83. 
Weber,  V.,  75. 
Webster,  William,  49. 
WeifEenbach,  W.,  87. 
Weiss,  B.,  56,  59,  68,  69,  72,  76,  80, 

83,  85,  86,  88. 
Weizsacker,  Carl,  63,  74,  81. 


Wellhausen,  J.,  54. 
Wendell,  Rufus,  65. 
Wendt,  H.  H.,  68,  81,  84,  87. 
Westcott,  B.  F.,  47, 57,  59, 64,  70,  73, 

83,  85,  87. 
Westcott  (and  Hort),  47,  62,  71,  85. 
Wetstein,  J.  J.,  67,  86. 
Weymouth,  R.  F.,  48. 
Whately,  R.,  88. 
Wheeler,  J.  Talboys,  78. 
Wieseler,  K.,  55,  71,  85. 
Wilke,  C.  G.,  66. 
Windrath,  K.  A.,  73. 
Winer,  G.  B.,  44,  47,  49,  51. 
Wines,  E.  C,  54. 
Wittichen,  C,  81,  87. 
Wood,  J.  G.,  53. 
Wordsworth,  John,  and  White,  H.  J., 

63. 
Wright,  G.  Frederick,  69. 
Wright,  W.  Aldis,  65. 
Wiinsche,  Aug.,  67. 

Zahn,  Theodor,  59,  87. 
Zimmermann,  Carl,  52. 
Zockler,  0.,  43,  46,  85. 


n  \m, 


^/Ol 


101465 


